Transcriber's notes:
(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.
(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.
(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.
(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.
(5) The following typographical errors have been corrected:
Article CARTESIANISM: "Admitting that intelligence is under a law of necessity, he claimed for the Will a certain latitude or liberty of indifference ..." 'Admitting' amended from 'Admiting'.
Article CASTE: "The great Sanskrit scholar, Rudolf von Roth (1821-1895), in his Brahma und die Brahmanan[13] held that the Vedic people advanced from their home in the Punjab ..." 'Sanskrit' amended from 'Sanscrit'.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION
ELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUME V, SLICE IV
Carnegie to Casus Belli
ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:
CARNEGIE, ANDREW CASAMARI CARNEGIE CASANOVA DE SEINGALT, GIOVANNI JACOPO CARNELIAN CASAS GRANDES CARNESECCHI, PIETRO CASAUBON, FLORENCE ESTIENNE MERIC CARNIOLA CASAUBON, ISAAC CARNIVAL CASCADE MOUNTAINS CARNIVORA CASE, JOHN CARNOT, LAZARE HIPPOLYTE CASE CARNOT, LAZARE MARGUERITE CASEMATE CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI CASEMENT CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD CASERTA CARNOUSTIE CASE-SHOT CARNUNTUM CASH CARNUTES CASHEL CARO, ANNIBALE CASHEW NUT CARO, ELME MARIE CASHIBO CAROL CASHIER CAROLINE CASH REGISTER CAROLINE AMELIA AUGUSTA CASILINUM CAROLINE ISLANDS CASIMIR III CAROLINGIANS CASIMIR IV CAROLUS-DURAN CASIMIR-PERIER, JEAN PAUL PIERRE CARORA CASINO CARP CASINUM CARPACCIO, VITTORIO CASIRI, MIGUEL CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS CASKET CARPATHUS CASKET LETTERS CARPEAUX, JEAN BAPTISTE CASLON CARPENTARIA, GULF OF CASPARI, KARL PAUL CARPENTER, LANT CASPIAN SEA CARPENTER, MARY CASS, LEWIS CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN CASSABA CARPENTRAS CASSAGNAC, BERNARD ADOLPHE GRANIER DE CARPENTRY CASSANA, NICCOLO CARPET CASSANDER CARPET-BAGGER CASSANDER, GEORGE CARPET-KNIGHT CASSANDRA CARPI, GIROLAMO DA CASSANO ALL' IONIO CARPI, UGO DA CASSAVA CARPI (Dacian tribe) CASSEL (town of France) CARPI (town of Italy) CASSEL (city of Germany) CARPINI, JOANNES DE PLANO CASSELL, JOHN CARPOCRATES CASSIA CARPZOV CASSIA, VIA CARRANZA, BARTOLOME CASSIANUS, JOANNES EREMITA CARRARA (family of Longobard) CASSINI CARRARA (town of Tuscany, Italy) CASSIODORUS CARREL, JEAN BAPTISTE ARMAND CASSIOPEIA CARRERA, JOSE MIGUEL CASSITERIDES CARRIAGE CASSITERITE CARRICKFERGUS CASSIUS (ancient Roman family) CARRICKMACROSS CASSIUS, AVIDIUS CARRICK-ON-SHANNON CASSIUS, GAIUS CARRICK-ON-SUIR CASSIVELAUNUS CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE CASSOCK CARRIER CASSONE CARRIERE, MORITZ CASSOWARY CARRINGTON, WYNN-CARINGTON CAST CARRINGTON, RICHARD CHRISTOPHER CASTAGNO, ANDREA DEL CARROCCIO CASTALIA CARRODUS, JOHN TIPLADY CASTANETS CARROLL, CHARLES CASTE CARROLL, JOHN CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND CARRONADE CASTELAR Y RIPOLL, EMILIO CARROT CASTELFRANCO NELL' EMILIA CARRYING OVER CASTELFRANCO VENETO CARSIOLI CASTELL, EDMUND CARSON, CHRISTOPHER CASTELLAMMARE DI STABIA CARSON CITY CASTELLESI, ADRIANO CARSTARES, WILLIAM CASTELLI, IGNAZ FRANZ CARSTENS, ARMUS JACOB CASTELLO, BERNARDO CARSULAE CASTELLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA CART CASTELLO, VALERIO CARTAGENA (city of Colombia) CASTELLO BRANCO, CAMILLO CARTAGENA (seaport of Spain) CASTELLO BRANCO CARTAGO CASTELLON DE LA PLANA CARTE, THOMAS CASTELLON DE LA PLANA CARTER, ELIZABETH CASTELNAU, MICHEL DE CARTERET, SIR GEORGE CASTELNAUDARY CARTESIANISM CASTELSARRASIN CARTHAGE (ancient city) CASTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA CARTHAGE (city of U.S.A.) CASTIGLIONE, BALDASSARE CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF CASTIGLIONE, CARLO OTTAVIO CARTHUSIANS CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENEDETTO CARTIER, SIR GEORGES ETIENNE CASTIGLIONE DELLE STIVIERE CARTIER, JACQUES CASTIGLIONE OLONA CARTILAGE CASTILE CARTOON CASTILHO, ANTONIO FELICIANO DE CARTOUCHE CASTILLEJO, CRISTOBAL DE CARTRIDGE CASTILLO SOLORZANO, ALONSO DE CARTWRIGHT, EDMUND CASTLE CARTWRIGHT, JOHN CASTLEBAR CARTWRIGHT, PETER CASTLECONNELL CARTWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD JOHN CASTLE DONINGTON CARTWRIGHT, THOMAS CASTLE DOUGLAS CARTWRIGHT, WILLIAM CASTLEFORD CARUCATE CASTLE-GUARD CARUPANO CASTLEMAINE CARUS, KARL GUSTAV CASTLE RISING CARUS, MARCUS AURELIUS CASTLETON CARVACROL CASTLETOWN CARVAJAL, ANTONIO FERNANDEZ CASTOR and POLLUX CARVAJAL, LUISA DE CASTOR OIL CARVER, JOHN CASTREN, MATTHIAS ALEXANDER CARVER, JONATHAN CASTRENSIS, PAULUS CARVING CASTRES CARVING AND GILDING CASTRO, INEZ DE CARY, ALICE, and PHOEBE CASTRO, JOAO DE CARY, ANNIE LOUISE CASTROGIOVANNI CARY, HENRY FRANCIS CASTRO URDIALES CARYATIDES CASTRO Y BELLVIS, GUILLEN DE CARYL, JOSEPH CASTRUCCIO DEGLI ANTELMINELLI CARYOPHYLLACEAE CASTRUM MINERVAE CASABIANCA, RAPHAEL CASUARINA CASABLANCA CASUISTRY CASALE MONFERRATO CASUS BELLI
CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837- ), American "captain of industry" and benefactor, was born in humble circumstances in Dunfermline, Scotland, on the 25th of November 1837. In 1848 his father, who had been a Chartist, emigrated to America, settling in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. The raw Scots lad started work at an early age as a bobbin-boy in a cotton factory, and a few years later was engaged as a telegraph clerk and operator. His capacity was perceived by Mr T.A. Scott of the Pennsylvania railway, who employed him as a secretary; and in 1859, when Scott became vice-president of the company, he made Carnegie superintendent of the western division of the line. In this post he was responsible for several improvements in the service; and when the Civil War opened he accompanied Scott, then assistant secretary of war, to the front. The first sources of the enormous wealth he subsequently attained were his introduction of sleeping-cars for railways, and his purchase (1864) of Storey Farm on Oil Creek, where a large profit was secured from the oil-wells. But this was only a preliminary to the success attending his development of the iron and steel industries at Pittsburg. Foreseeing the extent to which the demand would grow in America for iron and steel, he started the Keystone Bridge works, built the Edgar Thomson steel-rail mill, bought out the rival Homestead steel works, and by 1888 had under his control an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a railway 425 m. long, and a line of lake steamships. As years went by, the various Carnegie companies represented in this industry prospered to such an extent that in 1901, when they were incorporated in the United States Steel Corporation, a trust organized by Mr J. Pierpont Morgan, and Mr Carnegie himself retired from business, he was bought out at a figure equivalent to a capital of approximately L100,000,000.
From this time forward public attention was turned from the shrewd business capacity which had enabled him to accumulate such a fortune to the public-spirited way in which he devoted himself to utilizing it on philanthropic objects. His views on social subjects, and the responsibilities which great wealth involved, were already known in a book entitled Triumphant Democracy, published in 1886, and in his Gospel of Wealth (1900). He acquired Skibo Castle, in Sutherlandshire, Scotland, and made his home partly there and partly in New York; and he devoted his life to the work of providing the capital for purposes of public interest, and social and educational advancement. Among these the provision of public libraries in the United States and United Kingdom (and similarly in other English-speaking countries) was especially prominent, and "Carnegie libraries" gradually sprang up on all sides, his method being to build and equip, but only on condition that the local authority provided site and maintenance, and thus to secure local interest and responsibility. By the end of 1908 he had distributed over L10,000,000 for founding libraries alone. He gave L2,000,000 in 1901 to start the Carnegie Institute at Pittsburg, and the same amount (1902) to found the Carnegie Institution at Washington, and in both of these, and other, cases he added later to the original endowment. In Scotland he gave L2,000,000 in 1901 to establish a trust for providing funds for assisting education at the Scottish universities, a benefaction which resulted in his being elected lord rector of St Andrews University. He was a large benefactor of the Tuskegee Institute under Booker Washington for negro education. He also established large pension funds--in 1901 for his former employes at Homestead, and in 1905 for American college professors. His benefactions in the shape of buildings and endowments for education and research are too numerous for detailed enumeration, and are noted in this work under the headings of the various localities. But mention must also be made of his founding of Carnegie Hero Fund commissions, in America (1904) and in the United Kingdom (1908), for the recognition of deeds of heroism; his contribution of L500,000 in 1903 for the erection of a Temple of Peace at The Hague, and of L150,000 for a Pan-American Palace in Washington as a home for the International Bureau of American republics. In all his ideas he was dominated by an intense belief in the future and influence of the English-speaking people, in their democratic government and alliance for the purpose of peace and the abolition of war, and in the progress of education on unsectarian lines. He was a powerful supporter of the movement for spelling reform, as a means of promoting the spread of the English language. Mr Carnegie married in 1887 and had one daughter. Among other publications by him were An American Four-in-hand in Britain (1883), Round the World (1884), The Empire of Business (1902), a Life of James Watt (1905) and Problems of To-day (1908).