Transcriber's Note
Greek text has been transliterated, and is marked with plus signs, e.g. +Peri Didaxeôn+.
Oe ligatures are indicated with [oe].
Superscripted characters are surrounded with braces, e.g. y{e}.
Characters with macrons, which usually indicate omitted letters, are marked with square brackets and an equals sign, e.g. tha[=n]e.
Yogh is indicated as [gh], e.g. wyrt[gh]erd.
Apostrophus symbols, resembling a backwards C, are indicated with [C].
Tironian ampersands are indicated with [et].
A letter q with a small c above it, meaning the word 'qui', is indicated with [qui].
A letter u with a small o above it, indicating pronunciation, is marked as [ou].
Asterisms (three dots arranged in a triangle point-up) are indicated with [.'.]. Reverse asterisms (three dots arranged in a triangle point-down) are indicated with ['.'].
Other symbols are noted descriptively, and are enclosed in square brackets and marked with tildes, e.g. [~Sun~].
The parallel-column text referred to on page 67 has been transcribed as two separate paragraphs in this version of the e-text.
THE OLD ENGLISH HERBALS
BY
ELEANOUR SINCLAIR ROHDE AUTHOR OF "A GARDEN OF HERBS"
Longmans, Green and Co. 1922
TO
MY BROTHER
"The Lely is an herbe wyth a whyte floure. And though the levys of the floure be whyte: yet wythin shyneth the lykenesse of golde."--BARTHOLOMÆUS ANGLICUS (circ. 1260).
PREFACE
The writing of this book on that fascinating and somewhat neglected[1] branch of garden literature--the old English Herbals--has been a labour of love, but it could not have been done without all the kind help I have had. My grateful thanks are due to the authorities at the British Museum, to Professor Burkitt of Cambridge, and very specially to Mr. J. B. Capper for invaluable help. I am indebted to Dr. James, the Provost of Eton, for his kind permission to reproduce an illustration from a twelfth-century MS. in the Library of Eton College for the frontispiece. I find it difficult to express either my indebtedness or my gratitude to Dr. and Mrs. Charles Singer, the former for all his help and the latter for her generous permission to make use of her valuable bibliography of early scientific manuscripts. I am further indebted to Dr. Charles Singer for reading the chapter on the Anglo-Saxon herbals in proof. For their kind courtesy in answering my inquiries concerning the MS. herbals in the libraries of their respective cathedrals, I offer my grateful thanks to the Deans of Lincoln and Gloucester Cathedrals, and to the Rev. J. N. Needham for information concerning the herbals in the library of Durham Cathedral; to the librarians of the following colleges--All Souls' College, Oxford; Balliol College, Oxford; Corpus Christi College, Oxford; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge; Emmanuel College, Cambridge; Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; Magdalene College, Cambridge; Peterhouse, Cambridge; Jesus College, Cambridge; St. John's College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge; to the librarians of Durham University, Trinity College, Dublin, the Royal Irish Academy, and the National Library of Wales; to the Honble. Lady Cecil for information respecting MSS. in the library of the late Lord Amherst of Hackney; and to the following owners of private libraries--the Marquis of Bath, Lord Leconfield, Lord Clifden, Mr. T. Fitzroy Fenwick of Cheltenham, and Mr. Wynne of Peniarth, Merioneth. For information respecting incunabula herbals in American libraries I am indebted to Dr. Arnold Klebs and to Mr. Green of the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
No pains have been spared to make the bibliographies as complete as possible, but I should be glad to be told of any errors or omissions. There are certain editions of Banckes's Herbal and The Grete Herball mentioned by authorities such as Ames, Hazlitt, etc., of which no copies can now be found in the chief British libraries (see p. 204 et seq.). If any copies of these editions are in private libraries I should be grateful to hear of them. The rarest printed herbal is "Arbolayre conten[=a]t la qualitey et vertus proprietiez des herbes g[=o]mes et sim[=e]ces extraite de plusiers tratiers de medicine co[=m]ent davicene de rasis de constatin de ysaac et plateaire selon le co[=n]u usaige bien correct." (Supposed to have been printed by M. Husz at Lyons.) It is believed that there are only two copies of this book now extant. One is in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; the other was sold in London, March 23, 1898, but I have been unable to discover who is the present owner. For this or any other information I should be most grateful.
ELEANOUR SINCLAIR ROHDE.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] It is a remarkable fact that even the eleventh edition of the omniscient Encyclopædia Britannica has no article on Herbals.
CONTENTS