Transcriber's notes:
(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an underscore, like C_n.
(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.
(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective paragraphs.
(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not inserted.
(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek letters.
(6) The following typographical error has been corrected:
ARTICLE ATTICA: "The place in Attica which has been the chief scene of excavations (independently of Athens and its vicinity) is Eleusis ..." 'vicinity' amended from 'vicinty'.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION
ELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUME II, SLICE VIII
Atherstone to Austria
ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:
ATHERSTONE, WILLIAM GUYBON AUDEBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE ATHERSTONE AUDEFROI LE BATARD ATHERTON AUDIENCE ATHETOSIS AUDIFFRET-PASQUIER, EDME ARMAND GASTON ATHIAS, JOSEPH AUDIT and AUDITOR ATHLETE AUDLEY, SIR JAMES ATHLETIC SPORTS AUDLEY, THOMAS AUDLEY ATHLONE AUDOUIN, JEAN VICTOR ATHOL AUDRAN ATHOLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF AUDRAN, EDMOND ATHOLL AUDREHEM, ARNOUL D' ATHOS AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES ATHY AUE ATINA AUERBACH, BERTHOLD ATITLAN AUERSPERG, ANTON ALEXANDER ATKINSON, EDWARD AUFIDENA ATKINSON, SIR HARRY ALBERT AUGEAS ATLANTA AUGER ATLANTIC AUGEREAU, PIERRE FRANCOIS CHARLES ATLANTIC CITY AUGHRIM ATLANTIC OCEAN AUGIER, GUILLAUME VICTOR EMILE ATLANTIS AUGITE ATLAS AUGMENT ATLAS MOUNTAINS AUGMENTATION ATMOLYSIS AUGSBURG ATMOSPHERE AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY AUGURS ATOLL AUGUST ATOM AUGUSTA (Georgia, U.S.A.) ATONEMENT and DAY OF ATONEMENT AUGUSTA (Maine, U.S.A.) ATRATO AUGUSTA (Sicily) ATREK AUGUSTA BAGIENNORUM ATREUS AUGUSTAN HISTORY ATRI AUGUSTA PRAETORIA SALASSORUM ATRIUM AUGUSTI, JOHANN CHRISTIAN WILHELM ATROPHY AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430) ATROPOS AUGUSTINE, SAINT (archbishop) ATTA, TITUS QUINCTIUS AUGUSTINIAN CANONS ATTACAPA AUGUSTINIAN HERMITS ATTACHMENT AUGUSTINIANS ATTAINDER AUGUSTOWO ATTAINT, WRIT OF AUGUSTUS ATTALIA AUGUSTUS I ATTAR OF ROSES AUGUSTUS II ATTEMPT AUGUSTUS III ATTENTION AUGUSTUSBAD ATTERBOM, PER DANIEL AMADEUS AUK ATTERBURY, FRANCIS AULARD, FRANCOIS VICTOR ALPHONSE ATTESTATION AULIC COUNCIL ATTHIS AULIE-ATA ATTIC AULIS ATTICA AULNOY, MARIE CATHERINE DE LA MOTTE ATTIC BASE AULOS ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS AUMALE, HENRI EUGENE D'ORLEANS ATTICUS HERODES, CLAUDIUS AUMALE ATTILA AUMONT ATTIS AUNCEL ATTLEBOROUGH AUNDH ATTOCK AUNGERVYLE, RICHARD ATTORNEY AUNT SALLY ATTORNEY-GENERAL AURA ATTORNMENT AURANGABAD ATTRITION AURANGZEB ATTWOOD, THOMAS (composer) AURAY ATTWOOD, THOMAS (reformer) AURELIA, VIA ATWOOD, GEORGE AURELIAN AUBADE AURELIANUS, CAELIUS AUBAGNE AURELLE DE PALADINES, LOUIS JEAN D' AUBE AUREOLA AUBENAS AURICH AUBER, DANIEL FRANCOIS ESPRIT AURICLE AUBERGINE AURICULA AUBERVILLIERS AURIFABER AUBIGNAC, FRANCOIS HEDELIN AURIGA AUBIGNE, CONSTANT D' AURILLAC AUBIGNE, JEAN HENRI MERLE D' AURISPA, GIOVANNI AUBIGNE, THEODORE AGRIPPA D' AUROCHS AUBIN AURORA (Roman goddess) AUBREY, JOHN AURORA (Illinois, U.S.A.) AUBURN (Maine, U.S.A.) AURORA (Missouri, U.S.A.) AUBURN (New York, U.S.A.) AURORA (New York, U.S.A.) AUBURN (colour) AURORA POLARIS AUBUSSON, PIERRE D' AURUNCI AUBUSSON AUSCULTATION AUCH AUSONIUS, DECIMUS MAGNUS AUCHMUTY, SIR SAMUEL AUSSIG AUCHTERARDER AUSTEN, JANE AUCHTERMUCHTY AUSTERLITZ AUCKLAND, GEORGE EDEN AUSTIN, ALFRED AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN AUSTIN, JOHN AUCKLAND AUSTIN, SARAH AUCKLAND ISLANDS AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER AUCTION PITCH AUSTIN (Minnesota, U.S.A.) AUCTIONS and AUCTIONEERS AUSTIN (Texas, U.S.A.) AUCUBA AUSTRALASIA AUDAEUS AUSTRALIA AUDE (river of France) AUSTRASIA AUDE (department of France) AUSTRIA
ATHERSTONE, WILLIAM GUYBON (1813-1898), British geologist, one of the pioneers in South African geology, was born in 1813, in the district of Uitenhage, Cape Colony. Having qualified as M.D. he settled in early life as a medical practitioner at Grahamstown, subsequently becoming F.R.C.S. In 1839 his interest was aroused in geology, and from that date he "devoted the leisure of a long and successful medical practice" to the pursuit of geological science. In 1857 he published an account of the rocks and fossils of Uitenhage (the latter described more fully by R. Tate, Quart. Journal Geol. Soc., 1867). He also obtained many fossil reptilia from the Karroo beds, and presented specimens to the British Museum. These were described by Sir Richard Owen. Atherstone's identification in 1867 as a diamond of a crystal found at De Kalk near the junction of the Riet and Vaal rivers, led indirectly to the establishment of the great diamond industry of South Africa. He encouraged the workings at Jagersfontein, and he also called attention to the diamantiferous neck at Kimberley. He was one of the founders of the Geological Society of South Africa at Johannesburg in 1895; and for some years previously he was a member of the Cape parliament. He died at Grahamstown, on the 26th of June 1898.
See the obituary by T. Rupert Jones, Natural Science, vol. xiv. (January 1899).
ATHERSTONE, a market-town in the Nuneaton parliamentary division of Warwickshire, England, 102-1/2 m. N.W. from London by the London & North-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 5248. It lies in the upper valley of the Anker, under well-wooded hills to the west, and is on the Roman Watling Street, and the Coventry canal. The once monastic church of St Mary is rebuilt, excepting the central tower and part of the chancel. The chief industry is hat-making. On the high ground to the west lie ruins of the Cistercian abbey of Merevale, founded in 1149; they include the gatehouse chapel, part of the refectory and other remains exhibiting beautiful details of the 14th century. Coal is worked at Baxterley, 3 m. west of Atherstone.
Atherstone (Aderestone, Edridestone, Edrichestone), though not mentioned in any pre-Conquest record, is of unquestionably ancient origin. A Saxon barrow was opened near the town in 1824. It is traversed by Watling Street, and portions of the ancient Roman road have been discovered in modern times. Atherstone is mentioned in Domesday among the possessions of Countess Godiva, the widow of Leofric. In the reign of Henry III. it passed to the monks of Bec in Normandy, who in 1246 obtained the grant of an annual fair at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, and the next year of a market every Tuesday. This market became so much frequented that in 1319 a toll was levied upon all goods coming into the town, in order to defray the cost of the repair to the roads necessitated by the constant traffic, and in 1332 a similar toll was levied on all goods passing over the bridge called Feldenbrigge near Atherstone. The September fair and Tuesday markets are still continued. In the reign of Edward III. a house of Austin Friars was founded at Atherstone by Ralph Lord Basset of Drayton, which, however, never rose to much importance, and at its dissolution in 1536 was valued at 30 shillings and 3 pence only.
ATHERTON, or CHOWBENT, an urban district in the Leigh parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, 13 m. W.N.W. of Manchester on the London & North-Western and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways. Pop. (1901) 16,211. The cotton factories are the principal source of industry; there are also iron-works and collieries. The manor was held by the local family of Atherton from John's reign to 1738, when it passed by marriage to Robert Gwillym, who assumed that name. In 1797 his eldest daughter and co-heiress married Thomas Powys, afterwards the second Lord Lilford. Up to 1891 the lord of the manor held a court-leet and court-baron annually in November, but in that year Lord Lilford sold to the local board the market tolls, stallages and pickages, and since this sale the courts have lapsed. The earliest manufactures were iron and cotton. Silk-weaving, formerly an extensive industry, has now almost entirely decayed. The first chapel or church was built in 1645. James Wood, who became Nonconformist minister in the chapel at Atherton in 1691, earned fame and the familiar title of "General" by raising a force from his congregation, uncouthly armed, to fight against the troops of the Pretender (1715).