CHAPTER II.✦

COMPARISON OF THE MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE LOWER ANIMALS.

The difference in mental power between the highest ape and the lowest savage, immense--Certain instincts in common--The emotions--Curiosity--Imitation--Attention--Memory--Imagination-- Reason--Progressive improvement--Tools and weapons used by animals--Language--Self-consciousness--Sense of beauty--Belief in God, spiritual agencies, superstitions 34-69

CHAPTER III.✦

COMPARISON OF THE MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE LOWER ANIMALS--continued.

The moral sense--Fundamental proposition--The qualities of social animals--Origin of sociability--Struggle between opposed instincts--Man and social animal--The more enduring social instincts conquer other less persistent instincts--The social virtues alone regarded by savages--The self-regarding virtues acquired at a later stage of development--The importance of the judgment of the members of the same community on conduct--Transmission of moral tendencies--Summary 70-106

CHAPTER IV.✦

ON THE MANNER OF DEVELOPMENT OF MAN FROM SOME LOWER FORM.

Variability of body and mind in man--Inheritance--Causes of variability--Laws of variation the same in man as in the lower animals--Direct action of the conditions of life--Effects of the increased use and disuse of parts--Arrested development--Reversion--Correlated variation--Rate of increase--Checks to increase--Natural selection--Man the most dominant animal in the world--Importance of his corporeal structure--The causes which have led to his becoming erect--Consequent changes of structure--Decrease in size of the canine teeth--Increased size and altered shape of the skull--Nakedness--Absence of a tail--Defenceless condition of man 107-157