§ 171. RELIGION, THEOLOGY, AND LITERATURE OF THE “ILLUMINATION.” (1) Deism, Arianism, and Unitarianism in the English Church. 1. The Deists. 2. The So-called Arians. 3. The Later Unitarians. (2) Freemasons. (3) The German “Illumination.” 1. Its Precursors. (4) 2. The Age of Frederick the Great. (5) 3. The Wöllner Reaction. (6) The Transition Theology. (7) The Rationalistic Theology. (8) Supernaturalism. (9) Mysticism and Theosophy. (10) The German Philosophy. (11) The German National Literature. (12) Pestalozzi.

§ 172. CHURCH LIFE IN THE PERIOD OF THE “ILLUMINATION.” (1) The Hymnbook and Church Music. (2) Religious Characters. (3) Religious Sects. (4) The Rationalistic “Illumination” outside of Germany. (5) Missionary Societies and Missionary Enterprise.

FOURTH SECTION.

CHURCH HISTORY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

I. General and Introductory.

§ 173. SURVEY OF RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS OF NINETEENTH CENTURY.

§ 174. NINETEENTH CENTURY CULTURE IN RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH. (1) The German Philosophy. (2) ---- Continued. (3) The Sciences; Medicine. (4) Jurists; Historians; Geography; Philology. (5) National Literature--Germany. (6) ---- Continued. (7) ---- Other Countries. (8) Popular Education. (9) Art. (10) Music and the Drama.

§ 175. INTERCOURSE AND NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE CHURCHES. (1) Romanizing Tendencies among Protestants. (2) The Attitude of Catholicism toward Protestantism. (3) Romish Controversy. (4) Roman Catholic Union Schemes. (5) Greek Orthodox Union Schemes. (6) Old Catholic Union Schemes. (7) Conversions. (8) ---- The Mortara Affair. (9) ---- Other Conversions. (10) The Luther Centenary, A.D. 1883.

II. Protestantism in General.

§ 176. RATIONALISM AND PIETISM. (1) Rationalism. (2) Pietism. (3) The Königsberg Religious Movement, A.D. 1835-1842. (4) The Bender Controversy.

§ 177. EVANGELICAL UNION AND LUTHERAN SEPARATION. (1) The Evangelical Union. (2) The Lutheran Separation. (3) The Separation within the Separation.

§ 178. EVANGELICAL CONFEDERATION. (1) The Gustavus Adolphus Society. (2) The Eisenach Conference. (3) The Evangelical Alliance. (4) The Evangelical Church Alliance. (5) The Evangelical League.

§ 179. LUTHERANISM, MELANCHTHONIANISM, AND CALVINISM. (1) Lutheranism within the Union. (2) Lutheranism outside of the Union. (3) Melanchthonianism and Calvinism.

§ 180. THE “PROTESTANTENVEREIN.” (1) The Protestant Assembly. (2) The “Protestantenverein” Propaganda. (3) Sufferings Endured. (4) ---- In Berlin. (5) ---- In Schleswig Holstein.

§ 181. DISPUTES ABOUT FORMS OF WORSHIP. (1) The Hymnbook. (2) The Book of Chorales. (3) The Liturgy. (4) The Holy Scriptures.

§ 182. PROTESTANT THEOLOGY IN GERMANY. (1) Schleiermacher, A.D. 1768-1834. (2) The Older Rationalistic Theology. (3) Historico-Critical Rationalism. (4) Supernaturalism. (5) Rational Supernaturalism. (6) Speculative Theology. (7) The Tübingen School. (8) Strauss. (9) The Mediating Theology. (10) Lutheran Theologians. (11) Old Testament Exegetes. (12) University Teachers. (13) The Lutheran Confessional Theology. (14) ---- Continued. (15) ---- Continued. (16) Reformed Confessionalism. (17) The Free Protestant Theology. (18) In the Old Testament Department. (19) Dogmatists. (20) Ritschl and his School. (21) ---- Opponents. (22) Writers on Constitutional Law and History.

§ 183. HOME MISSIONS. (1) Institutions. (2) The Order of St. John. (3) The Itinerant Preacher Gustav Werner in Württemberg. (4) Bible Societies.

§ 184. FOREIGN MISSIONS. (1) Missionary Societies. (2) Europe and America. (3) Africa. (4) ---- Livingstone and Stanley. (5) Asia. (6) China. (7) Polynesia and Australia. (8) Missions to the Jews. (9) Missions among the Eastern Churches.

III. Catholicism in General.

§ 185. THE PAPACY AND THE STATES OF THE CHURCH. (1) The First Four Popes of the Century. (2) Pius IX., A.D. 1846-1878. (3) The Overthrow of the Papal States. (4) The Prisoner of the Vatican, A.D. 1870-1878. (5) Leo XIII.

§ 186. VARIOUS ORDERS AND ASSOCIATIONS. (1) The Society of Jesus and Related Orders. (2) Other Orders and Congregations. (3) The Pius Verein. (4) The Various German Unions. (5) Omnipotence of Capital. (6) The Catholic Missions. (7) ---- Mission Societies.

§ 187. LIBERAL CATHOLIC MOVEMENTS. (1) Mystical-Irenical Tendencies. (2) Evangelical-Revival Tendencies. (3) Liberal-Scientific Tendencies. (4) Radical-Liberalistic Tendencies. (5) Attempts at Reform in Church Government. (6) Attempts to Found National Catholic Churches. (7) National Italian Church. (8) The Frenchman, Charles Loyson.

§ 188. CATHOLIC ULTRAMONTANISM. (1) The Ultramontane Propaganda. (2) Miracles. (3) Stigmatizations. (4) ---- Louise Lateau. (5) Pseudo-Stigmatizations. (6) Manifestations of the Mother of God in France. (7) Manifestations of the Mother of God in Germany. (8) Canonizations. (9) Discoveries of Relics. (10) The blood of St. Januarius. (11) The Leaping Procession at Echternach. (12) The Devotion of the Sacred Heart. (13) Ultramontane Amulets. (14) Ultramontane Pulpit Eloquence.

§ 189. THE VATICAN COUNCIL. (1) Preliminary History of the Council. (2) The Organization of the Council. (3) The Proceedings of the Council. (4) Acceptance of the Decrees of the Council.

§ 190. THE OLD CATHOLICS. (1) Formation and Development of the Old Catholic Church in the German Empire. (2) ---- Continued. (3) The Old Catholics in other Lands.

§ 191. CATHOLIC THEOLOGY, ESPECIALLY IN GERMANY. (1) Hermes and his School. (2) Baader and his School. (3) Günther and his School. (4) John Adam Möhler. (5) John Jos. Ignat. von Döllinger. (6) The Chief Representatives of Systematic Theology. (7) The Chief Representatives of Historical Theology. (8) The Chief Representatives of Exegetical Theology. (9) The Chief Representatives of the New Scholasticism. (10) The Munich Congress of Catholic Scholars, 1863. (11) Theological Journals. (12) The Popes and Theological Science.

IV. Relation of Church to the Empire and to the States.

§ 192. THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION. (1) The Imperial Commission’s Decree, 1803. (2) The Prince-Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine. (3) The Vienna Congress and the Concordat. (4) The Frankfort Parliament and the Würzburg Bishops’ Congress of 1848.

§ 193. PRUSSIA. (1) The Catholic Church to the Close of the Cologne Conflict. (2) The Golden Age of Prussian Ultramontanism, 1841-1871. (3) The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia down to 1848. (4) The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia, 1848-1872. (5) The Evangelical Church in Old Prussia, 1872-1880. (6) ---- Continued. (7) The Evangelical Church in the Annexed Provinces. (8) ---- In Hanover. (9) ---- In Hesse.

§ 194. THE NORTH GERMAN SMALLER STATES. (1) The Kingdom of Saxony. (2) The Saxon Duchies. (3) The Kingdom of Hanover. (4) Hesse. (5) Brunswick, Oldenburg, Anhalt, and Lippe-Detmold. (6) Mecklenburg.

§ 195. BAVARIA. (1) The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Maximilian I., 1799-1825. (2) The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Louis I., 1825-1848. (3) The Bavarian Ecclesiastical Polity under Maximilian II., 1848-1864, and Louis II. (4) Attempts at Reorganization of the Lutheran Church. (5) The Church of the Union in the Palatine of the Rhine.

§ 196. THE SOUTH GERMAN SMALLER STATES AND RHENISH ALSACE AND LORRAINE. (1) The Upper Rhenish Church Province. (2) The Catholic Troubles in Baden down to 1873. (3) The Protestant Troubles in Baden. (4) Hesse-Darmstadt and Nassau. (5) In Protestant Württemberg. (6) The Catholic Church in Württemberg. (7) The Imperial Territory of Alsace and Lorraine since 1871.

§ 197. THE SO-CALLED KULTURKAMPF IN THE GERMAN EMPIRE. (1) The Aggression of Ultramontanism. (2) Conflicts Occasioned by Protection of the Old Catholics, 1871-1872. (3) Struggles over Educational Questions, 1872-1873. (4) The Kanzelparagraph and the Jesuit law, 1871-1872. (5) The Prussian Ecclesiastical Laws, 1873-1875. (6) Opposition in the States to the Prussian May Laws. (7) Share in the Conflict taken by the Pope. (8) The Conflict about the Encyclical Quod nunquam of 1875. (9) Papal Overtures for Peace. (10) Proof of the Prussian Government’s willingness to be Reconciled, 1880-1881. (11) Conciliatory Negotiations, 1882-1884. (12) Resumption on both sides of Conciliatory Measures, 1885-1886. (13) Definitive Conclusion of Peace, 1887. (14) Independent Procedure of the other German Governments. 1. Bavaria. 2. Württemberg. 3. Baden. (15) 4. Hesse-Darmstadt. 5. Saxony.

§ 198. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. (1) The Zillerthal Emigration. (2) The Concordat. (3) The Protestant Church in Cisleithan Austria. (4) The Clerical Landtag Opposition in the Tyrol. (5) The Austrian Universities. (6) The Austrian Ecclesiastical Laws, 1874-1876. (7) The Protestant Church in the Transleithan Provinces.

§ 199. SWITZERLAND. (1) The Catholic Church in Switzerland till 1870. (2) The Geneva Conflict, 1870-1883. (3) Conflict in the Diocese of Basel-Soleure, 1870-1880. (4) The Protestant Church in German Switzerland. (5) The Protestant Church in French Switzerland.

§ 200. HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. (1) The United Netherlands. (2) The Kingdom of Holland. (3) ---- Continued. (4) ---- Continued. (5) The Kingdom of Belgium. (6) ---- Continued. (7) ---- Continued. (8) The Protestant Church.