VOLUME XVII, SLICE VI✦

Map to Mars

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

MAP MARIE LOUISE MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL MARIENBAD MAPLE MARIENBERG (town of Saxony) MAPU, ABRAHAM MARIENBURG (town of West Prussia) MAQQARI MARIENWERDER MAQRIZI MARIE THÉRÈSE MAR, EARLDOM OF MARIETTA (Georgia, U.S.A.) MAR, ERSKINE (regent of Scotland) MARIETTA (Ohio, U.S.A.) MAR, ERSKINE (Scottish politician) MARIETTE, AUGUSTE FERDINAND FRANÇOIS MAR, ERSKINE (Scottish Jacobite) MARIGNAC, JEAN CHARLES GALISSARD DE MARA, GERTRUD ELISABETH MARIGNAN, BATTLE OF MARABOUT MARIGNOLLI, GIOVANNI DE' MARACAIBO (lake of Venezuela) MARIGNY, ENGUERRAND DE MARACAIBO (city of Venezuela) MARIGNY, JEAN DE MARAGHA MARIGOLD MARANHÃO MARIINSK MARANO MARILLAC, CHARLES DE MARASH MARINES MARAT, JEAN PAUL MARINETTE MARATHI MARINI, GIAMBATTISTA MARATHON MARINO MARAZION MARINUS (popes) MARBLE MARINUS (philosopher) MARBLEHEAD MARINUS OF TYRE MARBLES MARIO, GIUSEPPE MARBOT, JEAN BAPTISTE MARCELIN MARION, FRANCIS MARBURG (town of Austria) MARION, HENRI FRANÇOIS MARBURG (town of Germany) MARION (Indiana, U.S.A.) MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF MARION (Ohio, U.S.A.) MARCA, PIERRE DE MARIONETTES MARCANTONIO MARIOTTE, EDME MARCASITE MARIPOSAN MARCEAU-DESGRAVIERS, SÉVERIN MARIS, JACOB MARCEL, ÉTIENNE MARITIME PROVINCE MARCELLINUS, ST MARITIME TERRITORY MARCELLO, BENEDETTO MARIUPOL MARCELLUS (popes) MARIUS OF AVENCHES MARCELLUS (Roman plebeian family) MARIUS, GAIUS MARCESCENT MARIVAUX, PIERRE DE CHAMBLAIN DE MARCH, EARLS OF MARJORAM MARCH, AUZIAS MARK, ST MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW MARK MARCH (town in England) MARK, GOSPEL OF ST MARCH (month) MARKBY, SIR WILLIAM MARCH (of military troops) MARKET MARCHE (province of France) MARKET BOSWORTH MARCHE (town of Belgium) MARKET DRAYTON MARCHENA MARKET HARBOROUGH MARCHENA RUIZ DE CASTRO, JOSÉ MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS ROBERT MARCHES, THE MARKHAM, GERVASE MARCHMONT, EARLS OF MARKHAM, MRS MARCHPANE MARKHAM, WILLIAM MARCIAN MARKHOR MARCIANUS MARKIRCH MARCION & THE MARCIONITE CHURCHES MARKLAND, JEREMIAH MARCOMANNI MARKO KRALYEVICH MARCOS DE NIZA MARK SYSTEM MARCOU, JULES MARL MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF MARCY, WILLIAM LEARNED MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL MARDIN MARLBOROUGH (England) MARDUK MARLBOROUGH (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) MARE MARLITT, E. MARE CLAUSUM and MARE LIBERUM MARLOW MAREE, LOCH MARLOWE, CHRISTOPHER MAREMMA MARLOWE, JULIA MARENGO MARLY-LE-ROI MAREOTIS MARMALADE MARE'S-TAIL MARMANDE MARET, HUGUES-BERNARD MARMIER, XAVIER MARGARET (female name) MARMONT, AUGUSTE FRÉDÉRIC LOUIS DE MARGARET, ST (virgin and martyr) MARMONTEL, JEAN FRANÇOIS MARGARET, ST (queen of Malcolm III.) MARMORA MARGARET (queen of Scotland) MARMORA, SEA OF MARGARET (titular queen of Scotland) MARMOSET MARGARET (queen of Denmark) MARMOT MARGARET OF ANJOU MARNE (river of France) MARGARET OF AUSTRIA (duchess of Savoy) MARNE (department of France) MARGARET OF AUSTRIA (duchess of Parma) MARNIAN EPOCH MARGARET OF PROVENCE MAROCHETTI, CARLO MARGARET MAULTASCH MARONITES MARGARINE MAROONS MARGARITA MAROS-VÁSÁRHELY MARGATE MAROT, CLÉMENT MARGGRAF, ANDREAS SIGISMUND MAROT, DANIEL MARGHELAN MARPLE MARGRAVE MARPRELATE CONTROVERSY MARGUERITE MARQUAND, HENRY GURDON MARGUERITE DE VALOIS MARQUARDT, JOACHIM MARGUERITTE, PAUL and VICTOR MARQUESAS MARHEINEKE, PHILIP KONRAD MARQUESS MARIANA, JUAN DE MARQUETRY MARIANAO MARQUETTE, JACQUES MARIANAS (archipelago) MARQUETTE MARIANAS (tribe of Indians) MARR, CARL MARIANUS SCOTUS MARRADI, GIOVANNI MARIA STELLA MARRAKESH MARIA THERESA MARRI MARIAZELL MARRIAGE MARIE AMÉLIE THÉRÈSE MARRUCINI MARIE ANTOINETTE MARRUVIUM MARIE DE FRANCE MARRYAT, FREDERICK MARIE DE' MEDICI MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANÇOISE BOUTET] MARIE GALANTE MARS MARIE LESZCZYNSKA

MAP, a representation, on a plane and a reduced scale, of part or the whole of the earth's surface. If specially designed to meet the requirements of seamen it is called a chart, if on an exceptionally large scale a plan. The words map and chart are derived from mappa and charta, the former being the Latin for napkin or cloth, the latter for papyrus or parchment. Maps were thus named after the material upon which they were drawn or painted, and it should be noted that even at present maps intended for use in the open air, by cyclists, military men and others, are frequently printed on cloth. In Italian, Spanish and Portuguese the word mappa has retained its place, by the side of carta, for marine charts, but in other languages both kinds of maps[1] are generally known by a word derived from the Latin charta, as carte in French, Karte in German, Kaart in Dutch. A chart, in French, is called carte hydrographique, marine or des côtes; in Spanish or Portuguese carta de marear, in Italian carta da navigare, in German Seekarte (to distinguish it from Landkarte), in Dutch Zeekaart or Paskaart. A chart on Mercator's projection is called Wassende graadkaart in Dutch, carte réduite in French. Lastly, a collection of maps is called an atlas, after the figure of Atlas, the Titan, supporting the heavens, which ornamented the title of Lafreri's and Mercator's atlases in the 16th century.

Classification of Maps.--Maps differ greatly, not only as to the scale on which they are drawn, but also with respect to the fullness or the character of the information which they convey. Broadly speaking, they may be divided into two classes, of which the first includes topographical, chorographical and general maps, the second the great variety designed for special purposes.

Topographical maps and plans are drawn on a scale sufficiently large to enable the draughtsman to show most objects on a scale true to nature.[2] Its information should not only be accurate, but also conveyed intelligibly and with taste. Exaggeration, however, is not always to be avoided, for even on the British 1 in. ordnance map the roads appear as if they were 130 ft. in width.

Chorographical (Gr. [Greek: chôra], country or region) and general maps are either reduced from topographical maps or compiled from such miscellaneous sources as are available. In the former case the cartographer is merely called upon to reduce and generalize the information given by his originals, to make a judicious selection of place names, and to take care that the map is not overcrowded with names and details. Far more difficult is his task where no surveys are available, and the map has to be compiled from a variety of sources. These materials generally include reconnaissance survey of small districts, route surveys and astronomical observations supplied by travellers, and information obtained from native sources. The compiler, in combining these materials, is called upon to examine the various sources of information, and to form an estimate of their value, which he can only do if he have himself some knowledge of surveying and of the methods of determining positions by astronomical observation. A knowledge of the languages in which the accounts of travellers are written, and even of native languages, is almost indispensable. He ought not to be satisfied with compiling his map from existing maps, but should subject each explorer's account to an independent examination, when he will frequently find that either the explorer himself, or the draughtsman employed by him, has failed to introduce into his map the whole of the information available. Latitudes from the observations of travellers may generally be trusted, but longitudes should be accepted with caution; for so competent an observer as Captain Speke placed the capital of Uganda in longitude 32° 44´ E., when its true longitude as determined by more trustworthy observations is 32° 26´ E., an error of 18´. Again, on the map illustrating Livingstone's "Last Journals" the Luapula is shown as issuing from the Bangweulu in the north-west, when an examination of the account of the natives who carried the great explorer's remains to the coast would have shown that it leaves that lake on the south.