Church History, Volume 2 (of 3)

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes │ │ │ │ │ │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ │ │ │ The Table of Contents has been updated to agree with the │ │ headings and subheadings of the text. │ │ │ │ The † symbol next to a date was not defined in the text. It │ │ appears to mean approximate year of death. │ │ │ │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ │ │ │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ │ transliteration: │ │ Italic text: --> text │ │ bold text: --> =text=. │ │ │ │ Italics have been dropped on leading alpha characters (a. b. │ │ c.) to improved readability. │ │ │ │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ │ │ │ Many names appear with multiple spelling variations. The │ │ most common form used has been added in brackets following │ │ alternate forms to facilitate document searching. │ │ │ │ Latin words and quotations are regularly italicized in the │ │ text. Italics have been added to words missed by the printer. │ │ │ │ Additions noted in the appendix of Volume 2 have been │ │ incorporated into its main text. │ │ │ │ Footnotes are numbered consecutively through the 3 volumes │ │ and are identified in the text with a number in brackets [2] │ │ and have been accumulated in a single section at the end of │ │ the text. │ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ │ reader. These notes are not identified in the text, but have │ │ been accumulated in a single section at the end of the book. │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

CHURCH HISTORY.

BY PROFESSOR KURTZ.

AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION FROM LATEST REVISED EDITION BY THE REV. JOHN MACPHERSON, M.A.

IN THREE VOLUMES. VOL. II.

SECOND EDITION.

London: HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCXCII.

BUTLER & TANNER, THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS, FROME, AND LONDON.

CONTENTS.

SECOND DIVISION. (Continued.)

SECOND SECTION.

HISTORY OF THE GERMANO-ROMANIC CHURCH, FROM THE 10TH TO THE 13TH CENTURY. A.D. 911-1294.

I. The Spread of Christianity.

§ 93. MISSIONARY ENTERPRISES. (1) The Scandinavian Mission Field. (2) Denmark. (3) Sweden. (4) The Norwegians. (5) In the North-Western Group of Islands. (6) The Slavo-Magyar Mission-field. (7) The Poles. (8) Hungary. (9) The Wendish Races. (10) Pomerania. (11) Mission Work among the Finns and Lithuanians. (12) Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland. (13) The Prussians. (14) Lithuania. (15) The Mongolian Mission Field. (16) The Mission Field of Islam.

§ 94. THE CRUSADES. (1) The First Crusade, A.D. 1096. (2) The Second Crusade, A.D. 1147. (3) The Third Crusade, A.D. 1189. (4) The Fourth Crusade, A.D. 1217. (5) The Fifth Crusade, A.D. 1228. (6) The Sixth, A.D. 1248, and Seventh, A.D. 1270, Crusades.

§ 95. ISLAM AND THE JEWS IN EUROPE. (1) Islam in Sicily. (2) Islam in Spain. (3) The Jews in Europe.

II.--The Hierarchy, the Clergy, and the Monks.

§ 96. THE PAPACY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE GERMAN NATIONALITIES. (1) The Romish Pornocracy and the Emperor Otto I., † A.D. 973. (2) The Times of Otto II., III., A.D. 973-1002. (3) Otto III.; Pope Sylvester II. (4) From Henry II. to the Synod at Sutri, A.D. 1002-1046. (5) Henry III. and his German Popes, A.D. 1046-1057. (6) The Papacy under the Control of Hildebrand, A.D. 1057-1078. (7) Gregory VII., A.D. 1073-1085. (8) Gregory’s Contention with Henry IV. (9) The Central Idea in Gregory’s Policy. (10) Victor III. and Urban II., A.D. 1086-1099. (11) Paschalis II., Gelasius II., and Calixtus II., A.D. 1099-1124. (12) English Investiture Controversy. (13) The Times of Lothair III. and Conrad III., A.D. 1125-1152. (14) The Times of Frederick I. and Henry VI., A.D. 1152-1190. (15) Alexander III., A.D. 1159-1181. (16) The Times of King Henry II. and Cœlestine III., A.D. 1154-1198. (17) Innocent III., A.D. 1198-1216. (18) ---- Fourth Lateran Council of A.D. 1215. (19) The Times of Frederick II. and his Successors, A.D. 1215-1268. (20) Innocent IV. and his Successors, A.D. 1243-1268. (21) The Times of the House of Anjou down to Boniface VIII., A.D. 1288-1294. (22) Nicholas III. to Cœlestine V., A.D. 1277-1294. (23) Temporal Power of the Popes.

§ 97. THE CLERGY. (1) The Roman College of Cardinals. (2) The Political Importance of the Superior Clergy. (3) The Bishops and the Cathedral Chapter. (4) Endeavours to Reform the Clergy. (5) The Pataria of Milan.

§ 98. MONASTIC ORDERS AND INSTITUTIONS. (1) Offshoots of the Benedictines. 1. The Brethren of Clugny. 2. The Congregation of the Camaldolites. 3. The Order of Vallombrosa. 4. The Cistercians. 5. The Congregation of Scottish Monasteries. (2) New Monkish Orders. 1. The Order of Grammont. 2. The Order of St. Anthony. 3. The Order of Fontevraux. 4. The Order of the Gilbertines. 5. The Carthusian Order. 6. The Premonstratensian Order. 7. The Trinitarian Order. 8. The Cœlestine Order. (3) The Beginnings of the Franciscan Order down to A.D. 1219. (4) The Franciscans from A.D. 1219 to A.D. 1223. (5) The Franciscans from A.D. 1223. (6) Party Divisions within the Franciscan Order. (7) The Dominican or Preaching Order. (8) The Dominican Constitutional Rules. (9) The Female Orders. 1. Dominican Nuns. 2. Nuns of St. Clara. (10) The other Mendicant Orders. (11) Penitential Brotherhoods and Tertiaries of the Mendicant Orders. (12) Working Guilds of a Monkish Order. (13) The Spiritual Order of Knights. 1. The Templars. 2. The Knights of St. John. 3. The Order of Teutonic Knights. 4. The Knights of the Cross. (14) Bridge-Brothers and Mercedarians.

III. Theological Science and its Controversies.

§ 99. SCHOLASTICISM IN GENERAL. (1) Dialectic and Mysticism. (2) The Philosophical Basis of Dialectic Scholasticism. (3) The Nurseries of Scholasticism. (4) The Epochs of Scholasticism. (5) The Canon Law. (6) Historical Literature.

§ 100. THE SÆCULUM OBSCURUM: THE 10TH CENTURY. (1) Classical Studies--Germany; England. (2) ---- Italy; France.

§ 101. THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. (1) The Most Celebrated Schoolmen of this Century. 1. Fulbert. 2. Berengar of Tours. 3. Lanfranc. 4. Hildebert of Tours. 5. Anselm of Canterbury. 6. Anselm of Laon. 7. William of Champeaux. 8. Guibert of Nogent. (2) Berengar’s Eucharist Controversy, A.D. 1050-1079. (3) Anselm’s Controversies.

§ 102. THE TWELFTH CENTURY. (1) The Contest on French Soil. I. The Dialectic Side of the Gulf--Peter Abælard. (2) ---- Abælard’s Teachings. (3) II. The Mystic Side of the Gulf--St. Bernard of Clairvaux. (4) III. Bridging the Gulf from the Side of Mysticism. (5) IV. Bridging the Gulf from the Side of Dialectics. (6) The Controversy on German Soil. (7) Theologians of a Pre-eminently Biblical and Ecclesiastico-Practical Tendency. 1. Alger of Liège. 2. Rupert of Deutz. 3. Hervæus. (8) 4. John of Salisbury. 5. Walter of St. Victor. 6. Innocent III. (9) Humanist Philosophers.

§ 103. THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. (1) The Writings of Aristotle and his Arabic Interpreters. (2) Theory of a twofold Truth. (3) The Appearance of the Mendicant Orders. (4) Distinguished Franciscan Schoolmen. (5) Distinguished Dominican Schoolmen--Albert the Great. (6) ---- Thomas Aquinas. (7) Reformers of the Scholastic Method--Raimund Lull. (8) ---- Roger Bacon. (9) Theologians of a Biblical and Practical Tendency. 1. Cæsarius of Heisterbach. 2. William Peraldus. 3. Hugo of St. Caro. 4. Robert of Sorbon. 5. Raimund Martini. (10) Precursors of the German Speculative Mystics.