THE RAILWAY IN ITS BUSINESS RELATIONS 344

BY ARTHUR T. HADLEY, _Professor of Political Science in Yale College, Author of "Railroad Transportation_."

Amount of Capital Invested in Railways--Important Place in the Modern Industrial System--The Duke of Bridgewater's Foresight--The Growth of Half a Century--Early Methods of Business Management--The Tendency toward Consolidation--How the War Developed a National Idea--Its Effect on Railroad Building--Thomson and Scott as Organizers--Vanderbilt's Capacity for Financial Management--Garrett's Development of the Baltimore & Ohio--The Concentration of Immense Power in a Few Men--Making Money out of the Investors--Difficult Positions of Stockholders and Bondholders--How the Finances are Manipulated by the Board of Directors--Temptations to the Misuse of Power--Relations of Railroads to the Public who Use Them--Inequalities in Freight Rates--Undue Advantages for Large Trade Centres--Proposed Remedies--Objections to Government Control--Failure of Grangerism--The Origin of Pools--Their Advantages--Albert Fink's Great Work--Charles Francis Adams and the Massachusetts Commission--Adoption of the Interstate Commerce Law--Important Influence of the Commission--Its Future Functions--Ill-judged State Legislation.

THE PREVENTION OF RAILWAY STRIKES 370

BY CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, President of the Union Pacific Railroad.

Railways the Largest Single Interest in the United States--Some Impressive Statistics--Growth of a Complex Organization--Five Divisions of Necessary Work--Other Special Departments--Importance of the Operating Department--The Evil of Strikes--To be Remedied by Thorough Organization--Not the Ordinary Relation between Employer and Employee--Of what the Model Railway Service Should Consist--Temporary and Permanent Employees--Promotion from one Grade to the Other--Rights and Privileges of the Permanent Service--Employment during Good Behavior--Proposed Tribunal for Adjusting Differences and Enforcing Discipline--A Regular Advance in Pay for Faithful Service--A Fund for Hospital Service, Pensions, and Insurance--Railroad Educational Institutions--The Employer to Have a Voice in Management through a Council--A System of Representation.

THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF RAILROAD MEN 383

BY B. B. ADAMS, JR., Associate Editor, "Railroad Gazette," New York.

The Typical Railroad Man--On the Road and at Home--Raising the Moral Standard--Characteristics of the Freight Brakeman--His Wit the Result of Meditation--How Slang is Originated--Agreeable Features of his Life in Fine Weather--Hardships in Winter--The Perils of Hand-brakes--Broken Trains--Going back to Flag--Coupling Accidents--At the Spring--Advantages of a Passenger Brakeman--Trials of the Freight Conductor--The Investigation of Accidents--Irregular Hours of Work--The Locomotive Engineer the Hero of the Rail--His Rare Qualities--The Value of Quick Judgment--Calm Fidelity a Necessary Trait--Saving Fuel on a Freight Engine--Making Time on a Passenger Engine--Remarkable Runs--The Spirit of Fraternity among Engineers--Difficult Duties of a Passenger-train Conductor--Tact in Dealing with Many People--Questions to be Answered--How Rough Characters are Dealt with--Heavy Responsibilities--The Work of a Station Agent--Flirtation by Telegraph--The Baggage-master's Hard Task--Eternal Vigilance Necessary in a Switch-tender--Section-men, Train Despatchers, Firemen, and Clerks--Efforts to Make the Railroad Man's Life Easier.

STATISTICAL RAILWAY STUDIES 425

ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTEEN MAPS AND NINETEEN CHARTS.

BY FLETCHER W. HEWES, Author of "Scribner's Statistical Atlas."

Railway Mileage of the World--Railway Mileage of the United States--Annual Mileage and Increase--Mileage Compared with Area--Geographical Location of Railways--Centres of Mileage and of Population--Railway Systems--Trunk Lines Compared: By Mileage; Largest Receipts; Largest Net Results--Freight Traffic--Reduction of Freight Rates--Wheat Rates--The Freight Haul--Empty Freight Trains--Freight Profits--Passenger Traffic--Passenger Rates--Passenger Travel--Passenger Profits--General Considerations--Dividends--Net Earnings per Mile and Railway Building--Ratios of Increase--Construction and Maintenance--Employees and their Wages--Rolling Stock--Capital Invested.

INDEX 449

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

Title. Designer. Page

THE LAST SPAN (Frontispiece) A. B. Frost v

ALPINE PASS. AVOIDANCE OF A TUNNEL From a photograph 5

BIG LOOP, GEORGETOWN BRANCH OF THE UNION PACIFIC, COLORADO From a photograph 11

SNOW-SHEDS, SELKIRK MOUNTAINS, CANADIAN PACIFIC J. D. Woodward 19

RAIL MAKING Walter Shirlaw 39

LOOP AND GREAT TRESTLE NEAR HAGERMAN'S, ON THE COLORADO MIDLAND RAILWAY J. D. Woodward 51

PORTAL OF A TUNNEL IN PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION Otto Stark 65

AT WORK IN A PNEUMATIC CAISSON--FIFTY FEET BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE WATER Walter Shirlaw 73

BELOW THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE J. H. Twachtman 83

THE ST. LOUIS BRIDGE DURING CONSTRUCTION M. E. Sands & R. Blum 95

A TYPICAL AMERICAN PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE From a photograph 111

INTERIOR OF A ROUND-HOUSE M. J. Burns 130

VIEW IN LOCOMOTIVE ERECTING SHOP J. D. Woodward & R. Blum 135

DIAGRAM USED IN MAKING RAILWAY TIME-TABLES 161

THE GENERAL DESPATCHER M. J. Burns 165

MANTUA JUNCTION, WEST PHILADELPHIA, SHOWING A COMPLEX SYSTEM OF INTERLACING TRACKS W. C. Fitler 169

DANGER AHEAD! A. B. Frost 189

INTERLOCKING APPARATUS FOR OPERATING SWITCHES AND SIGNALS BY COMPRESSED AIR, PITTSBURG YARDS, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD From a photograph 211

PULLMAN VESTIBULED CARS From a photograph 247

IN A BAGGAGE-ROOM W. C. Broughton 255

"SHOW YOUR TICKETS!" Walter Shirlaw 261

FREIGHT YARDS OF THE NEW YORK CENTRAL & HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD, WEST SIXTY-FIFTH STREET, NEW YORK W. C. Fitler 285

FREIGHT FROM ALL QUARTERS--SOME TYPICAL TRAINS W. C. Fitler 291

AT A WAY-STATION--THE POSTMASTER'S ASSISTANT Herbert Denman 321

TRANSFER OF MAIL AT THE GRAND CENTRAL STATION, NEW YORK Herbert Denman 327

SORTING LETTERS IN CAR NO. 1--THE FAST MAIL Herbert Denman 333

A BREAKDOWN ON THE ROAD A. B. Frost 405

IN THE WAITING ROOM OF A COUNTRY STATION A. B. Frost 413

THE TRIALS OF A BAGGAGE-MASTER A. B. Frost 417

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

PAGE First Locomotive 2

Locomotive of To-day 3

A Sharp Curve--Manhattan Elevated Railway, 110th Street, New York 7

A Steep Grade on a Mountain Railroad 8

A Switchback 9

Plan of Big Loop 10

Profile of the Same 10

Engineers in Camp 14

Royal Gorge Hanging Bridge, Denver and Rio Grande, Colorado 16

Veta Pass, Colorado 17

Sections of Snow-sheds (3 cuts) 18

Making an Embankment 21

Steam Excavator 21

Building a Culvert 22

Building a Bridge Abutment 22

Rock Drill 23

A Construction and Boarding Train 24

Bergen Tunnels, Hoboken, N. J. 25

Beginning a Tunnel 26

Old Burr Wooden Bridge 28

Kinzua Viaduct; Erie Railway 30

Kinzua Viaduct 31

View of Thomas Pope's Proposed Cantilever (1810) 34

Pope's Cantilever in Process of Erection 35

General View of the Poughkeepsie Bridge 36

Erection of a Cantilever 37

Spiking the Track 38