Transcriber's Note:
Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
The following variant spellings are noted, but were left unchanged:
instalment and installment whisky and whiskey instal and install pretense and pretence
The footnotes for markers 41 and 73 are missing.
Several table totals are incorrect. Two numbers were corrected, Table XIV: Late Entering, Doolittle, Negro corrected to 190. Total white students, Smyth: 57 All other numbers were left as in the original.
Italic text is denoted by underscores and bold text by =equal signs=.
THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK
THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON
THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI
THE MISSION BOOK COMPANY SHANGHAI
THE NEGRO IN CHICAGO
A STUDY OF RACE RELATIONS AND A RACE RIOT
BY THE CHICAGO COMMISSION ON RACE RELATIONS
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO ILLINOIS
COPYRIGHT 1922 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
All Rights Reserved
Published September 1922 Second Impression January 1923 Third Impression March 1923
Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
LIST OF MAPS x
FOREWORD BY HONORABLE FRANK O. LOWDEN xiii
INTRODUCTION xv
THE PROBLEM xxiii
CHAPTER I. THE CHICAGO RIOT, JULY 27-AUGUST 2, 1919 1-52 Background of the Riot 2 The Beginning of the Riot 4 Chronological Story of the Riot 5 Factors Influencing Growth of the Riot 9 Gangs and "Athletic Clubs" 11 Types of Clashes 17 Crowds and Mobs 22 Rumor 25 Police 33 Militia 40 Deputy Sheriffs 43 Restoration of Order 43 Aftermath of the Riot 46 Outstanding Features of the Riot 48
CHAPTER II. OTHER OUTBREAKS IN ILLINOIS 53-78 Clashes in Chicago preceding the Riot of 1919 53 Racial Outbreaks in Waukegan, May 31 and June 2, 1920 57 The "Abyssinian" Affair, June 20, 1920 59 The Barrett Murder, September 20, 1920 64 The Springfield Riot, August 14-15, 1908 67 East St. Louis Riots, May 28, and July 2, 1917 71
CHAPTER III. THE MIGRATION OF NEGROES FROM THE SOUTH 79-105 Economic Causes of the Migration 80 Sentimental Causes of the Migration 84 Beginning and Spread of Migration 86 The Arrival in Chicago 93 Adjustments to Chicago Life 94 Migrants in Chicago 97 Efforts to Check Migration 103
CHAPTER IV. THE NEGRO POPULATION OF CHICAGO 106-151 Distribution and Density 106 Neighborhoods of Negro Residence 108 Adjusted Neighborhoods 108 Non-adjusted Neighborhoods 113 Neighborhoods of Organized Opposition 115 Bombings 122 Trend of the Negro Population 135 Outlying Neighborhoods 136 The Negro Community 139 Commercial and Industrial Enterprises 140 Organizations for Social Intercourse 141 Religious Organizations 142 Social and Civic Agencies 146 Medical Institutions 150
CHAPTER V. THE NEGRO HOUSING PROBLEM 152-230 General Living Conditions 152 Why Negroes Move 154 Room Crowding 156 Rents and Lodgers 162 How Negro Families Live 165 A Group of Family Histories 170 Physical Aspects of Negro Housing 184 Neighborhood Improvement Associations 192 Efforts of Social Agencies 193 Negroes and Property Depreciation 194 Financial Aspects of Negro Housing 215 Negroes as Home Owners 216 Financial Resources of Negroes 227
CHAPTER VI. RACIAL CONTACTS 231-326 Legal Status of Negroes in Illinois 232 Discrimination in Public Schools 234 Contacts in Chicago Public Schools 238 Physical Equipment of Schools 241 Retardation in Elementary Schools 256 Contacts in Recreation 271 Contacts in Transportation 297 Contacts in Other Relations 309 "Black and Tan" Resorts 323 Cultural Contacts 325 Contacts in Co-operative Efforts for Race Betterment 326
CHAPTER VII. CRIME AND VICIOUS ENVIRONMENT 327-356 Criminal Statistics 328 The Negro in the Courts 332 Bureau of Identification 335 Probation and Parole 335 Institutional Inquiry 338 Negro Crime and Environment 341 Views of Authorities on Crime among Negroes 345
CHAPTER VIII. THE NEGRO IN INDUSTRY 357-435 Employment Opportunities and Conditions 357 Increase in Negro Labor since 1915 362 Classification of Negro Workers 364 Wages of Negro Workers 365 Women Employees in Industrial Establishments 367 Railroad Workers 369 Domestic Workers 370 Employers' Experience with Negro Labor 372 Negro Women in Industry 378 Industries Excluding the Negro 391 Relations of White and Colored Workers 393 Future of the Negro in Chicago Industries 400 Organized Labor and the Negro Worker 403 Policy of the American Federation of Labor and Other Federations 405 Unions Admitting Negroes to White Locals 412 Unions Admitting Negroes to Separate Co-ordinate Locals 417 Unions Excluding Negroes from Membership 420 The Negro and Strikes 430 Attitude and Opinions of Labor Leaders 432