THE AMERICAN INDIAN IN THE UNITED STATES
PERIOD 1850–1914
BY
WARREN K. MOOREHEAD, A.M.,
AUTHOR, “THE STONE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA,” CURATOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, PHILLIPS ACADEMY, ANDOVER, MASS.; MEMBER OF THE UNITED STATES BOARD OF INDIAN COMMISSIONERS; FELLOW, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, ETC.
THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN; HIS POLITICAL HISTORY AND OTHER TOPICS
A PLEA FOR JUSTICE
1914
THE ANDOVER PRESS
ANDOVER, MASS.
COPYRIGHT 1914
WARREN K. MOOREHEAD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
INTRODUCTION 9
I. TWO POINTS OF VIEW 17
II. THE U. S. INDIAN OFFICE IN 1913 25
III. THE INDIANS TODAY AND HON. E. E. AYER’S REPORT 31
IV. THE OJIBWA OF MINNESOTA 45
V. THE LEGAL COMPLICATIONS AT WHITE EARTH—THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE 57
VI. THE WHITE EARTH SCANDAL 66
VII. SOME INDIAN TESTIMONY AND AFFIDAVITS. SICKNESS 77
VIII. THE ROLL. STORIES. RESPONSIBILITY FOR WHITE EARTH 89
IX. THE SIOUX AND THE MESSIAH CRAZE 99
X. THE DANCE 111
XI. THE AGENCY; THE GOVERNMENT; LOUIS SHANGRAUX AND THE TROOPS 118
XII. THE DEATH OF SITTING BULL AND A TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE 123
XIII. THE FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES 133
XIV. CAPTAIN GRAYSON’S VIEWS; MISS BARNARD’S WORK; THE MINORS’ ESTATES 148
XV. WHAT IS LEFT OF INDIAN PROPERTY IN OKLAHOMA 157
XVI. THE LEASING SYSTEM; CHOCKTAW AND CHICKASAW; FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS 164
XVII. RED CLOUD. THE GREATEST INDIAN OF MODERN TIMES 173
XVIII. RED CLOUD’S LATER YEARS 181
XIX. SITTING BULL—THE IRRECONCILABLE 190
XX. EDUCATION 200
XXI. WHY SOME INDIANS OBJECT TO SENDING CHILDREN TO SCHOOL, AND FURTHER COMMENTS ON EDUCATION 211
XXII. THE APACHE, PAPAGO AND PUEBLO. THE DESERT INDIAN 219
XXIII. THE CAREER OF GERONIMO 233
XXIV. THE NAVAHO 241
XXV. INDIANS OF THE NORTHWEST 253
XXVI. HEALTH OF THE INDIANS 1880 TO 1912 265
XXVII. THE INDIAN’S RELIGION; HIS CHARACTER; PHILANTHROPIC ORGANIZATIONS 279
XXVIII. IRRIGATION PROJECTS 291
XXIX. THE BUFFALO 299
XXX. THE PLAINS INDIANS FIFTY YEARS AGO AND TODAY 311
XXXI. THE INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA 325
XXXII. A STATISTICAL TABLE. PREPARED BY MEN AND WOMEN IN THE FIELD 341
XXXIII. FARMING AND STOCK-RAISING. INDIAN FAIRS 359
XXXIV. FOUR IMPORTANT BOOKS 367
XXXV. OFFICIAL VIEWS OF INDIAN CONDITIONS 378
XXXVI. RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FROM FIELD WORKERS 387
XXXVII. THE COMMUNISTIC LIFE. INDIAN MEN AND WOMEN OF PROMINENCE. MORALITY 399
XXXVIII. TWO STORIES. UNWISE PURCHASES 407
XXXIX. GENERAL COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS 417
XL. CONCLUSIONS 423
INDEX 435
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Frontispiece. Red Cloud (Makh-piya-luta). War Chief of all the Sioux
Arthur C. Parker. Iroquois. State Archaeologist of New York 19
Indian Home, Onondaga Reservation, New York 21
Map showing Country, 1879 Opp. 24
Modern Indian Home 30
Government Sawmill, Ft. Belknap Reservation, Montana 34
Map showing Country, 1913 Opp. 34
U. S. Indian School, Chilocco, Oklahoma 37
Lewis Tewanima, a Full-blood Hopi Indian 38
James Thorpe. Educated at Carlisle 39
Honorable Gabe E. Parker, Choctaw 46
Buildings, Pine Point, White Earth, Minnesota 48
Ojibwa, blind from Trachoma, Pine Point, Minnesota 52
Indian School Children in Uniform, Pine Point, White Earth, Minnesota 55
James Bassett, Full-blood Ojibwa in Tribal Costume 58
Dispossessed Ojibwa at Rear of Agency Buildings 61
Group of Thirty Persons constituting Linnen-Moorehead Force, White Earth Investigation, 1909 64
Ojibwa Chief, Ke-way-din, Pine Point, White Earth Reservation, Minnesota 72
Evicted Indians, Twin Lakes, White Earth Reservation, Minnesota, 1909 73
Rose Ellis. Full-blood Ojibwa 78
Ojibwa Graveyard, White Earth, Minnesota 92
Modern Sioux Cabin and Summer Tent, Pine Ridge, 1909 104
Government School Buildings, 1909 106
Sioux Farming. White Clay Creek, Pine Ridge, 1909 108
No Water’s Camp of Ghost Dancers, 1890 110
Ghost Dance at No Water’s Camp 114
The “Indian Gate”, Pine Ridge, 1890 122
The Catholic Mission near Wounded Knee Battlefield, Pine Ridge 126
Monument in Memory of the Chief Big Foot Massacre, Sioux 131
Cherokee Female Seminary at Talequah, Oklahoma 138
Chief Plenty Coups Opp. 143
Cherokee Male Academy near Talequah, Oklahoma 146
Shack of a Poor Creek Indian, Oklahoma, 1913 155
Old-style Cabin, 1850–1890. Cherokee. Oklahoma 158
Chief Keen-Fa-Chy addressing the Council Opp. 168
Red Cloud and Professor Marsh 176
Jack Red Cloud Opp. 180
The Hide Hunter’s Work, 40,000 Buffalo Hides, Dodge City, Kansas. 1876 182
The Last Arrow Opp. 188
Dr. Charles A. Eastman, Sioux 202
Class in Agriculture, Chilocco Indian School 208
Improved Indian Home in the Southwest 215
Pima Home, Arizona 222
The Voice of the Water Spirits Opp. 226
Indian Buildings of Recent Construction 228
Southern Ute, Colorado 231
Geronimo 234
Pomo Woman Weaving a Twined Basket, California 239
Navaho Silversmith and His Outfit 244
Red Goat and His Mother, Navaho, 1902 246
Navaho Winter Hogan 250
Modern Indian House, Oklahoma 251
Exhibit of Grain, Vegetables and Fruits, Bead-work and Baskets 256
Indian Pack Train in the Mountains 259
The Challenge. Nez Perce Warrior 262
Sanitorium School, Fort Lapwai, Idaho 266
Aged Woman now nearly blind from Trachoma 269
A Tuberculosis Patient 272
National Indian Association Hospital at Indian Wells, Arizona 275
Indian Cabin, North Dakota 276
Rev. Sherman Coolidge, Arapaho 278
Navaho Woman Weaving a Blanket 290
Navaho Home, New Mexico 294
Rincon Reservation, Mission Indians, California 297
U. S. Cavalry attacking Black Kettle’s Village 302
The Hide Hunter 306
Creek Church and Camp-meeting Ground 309
Oglala Woman Opp. 314