PREFACE iii✦

ERRATA xxxii

ON PARASITES IN GENERAL 1 Occasional and Permanent Parasitism 1 Entozoa, Endoparasites, Helminthes, Turbellaria 2 Hermaphroditism 4 Fertility of Parasites 5 Transmigrations 5 Commensals, Mutualists 6 Incidental and Pseudo-parasites 6 The Influence of Parasites on the Host 8 Origin of Parasites 10 Derivation of Parasites 19 Change of Host 20 Literature 22

THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN 25 *A. Protozoa* 25

CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROTOZOA.

Class I. SARCODINA 27 Order. Amœbina 27 Foraminifera 27 Heliozoa 27 Radiolaria 28 Class II. MASTIGOPHORA 28 III. SPOROZOA 28 Sub-class 1. TELOSPORIDIA 28 Order. Gregarinida 28 Coccidiidea 28 Hæmosporidia 28 Sub-class 2. NEOSPORIDIA 28 Order. Myxosporidia 28 Microsporidia 28 Sarcosporidia 28 Haplosporidia 29 Class IV. INFUSORIA 29 V. SUCTORIA 29

Class I. SARCODINA, Bütschli, 1882 29 Order. Amœbina, Ehrenberg 29 A. Human Intestinal Amœbæ 29 Entamœba coli, Lösch, 1875, emend. Schaudinn, 1903 32 Entamœba histolytica, Schaudinn, 1903 34 Entamœba tetragena, Viereck, 1907 38 Noc’s Entamœba, 1909 41 Entamœba buccalis, Prowazek, 1904 43 Entamœba undulans, Castellani, 1905 43 Entamœba kartulisi, Doflein, 1901 44 Amœba gingivalis, A. buccalis, A. dentalis 44 Genus. Paramœba, Schaudinn, 1896 44 Paramœba (Craigia) hominis, Craig, 1906 45 B. Amœbæ from other Organs 45 Entamœba pulmonalis, Artault, 1898 45 Amœba urogenitalis, Baelz, 1883 45 Amœba miurai, Ijima, 1898 46 Appendix: “Rhizopods in Poliomyelitis Acuta” 46 Order. Foraminifera, d’Orbigny 47 Sub-order. Monothalamia (Testaceous Amœbæ) 47 Genus. Chlamydophrys, Cienkowski, 1876 47 Chlamydophrys enchelys, Ehrenberg 47 Leydenia gemmipara, Schaudinn, 1896 49

Class II. MASTIGOPHORA, Diesing 50 Sub-class. FLAGELLATA, Cohn emend. Bütschli 50 Order. Polymastigina, Blochmann 52 Genus. Trichomonas, Donné, 1837 52 Trichomonas vaginalis, Donné 52 Trichomonas intestinalis, R. Leuckart, 1879 = Trichomonas hominis, Davaine, 1854 54 Genus. Tetramitus, Perty, 1852 57 Tetramitus mesnili, Wenyon, 1910 57 Genus. Lamblia, R. Blanchard, 1888 57 Lamblia intestinalis, Lambl, 1859 57 Order. Protomonadina, Blochmann 60 Family. Cercomonadidæ, Kent emend. Bütschli 61 Genus. Cercomonas, Dujardin emend. Bütschli 61 Cercomonas hominis, Davaine, 1854 61 Monas pyophila, R. Blanchard, 1895 62 Family. Bodonidæ, Bütschli 63 Genus. Prowazekia, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 63 Prowazekia urinaria, Hassall, 1859 63 Prowazekia asiatica, Castellani and Chalmers, 1910 65 Prowazekia javanensis, Flu, 1912 66 Prowazekia cruzi, Hartmann and Chagas, 1910 66 Prowazekia weinbergi, Mathis and Léger, 1910 66 Prowazekia parva, Nägler, 1910 66 Family. Trypanosomidæ, Doflein 66 Genus. Trypanosoma, Gruby, 1843 67 Historical 67 General 69 Morphology 70 Trypanosoma gambiense, Dutton, 1902 72 Trypanosoma nigeriense, Macfie, 1913 76 Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Stephens and Fantham, 1910 76 General Note on Trypanosomes with Posterior Nuclei 83 Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas, 1909 83 Trypanosoma lewisi, Kent, 1881 88 Trypanosoma brucei, Plimmer and Bradford, 1899 93 Trypanosoma evansi, Steel, 1885 95 Trypanosoma equinum, Voges, 1901 96 Trypanosoma equiperdum, Doflein, 1901 97 Trypanosoma theileri, Bruce, 1902 98 Trypanosoma hippicum, Darling, 1910 98 Endotrypanum schaudinni, Mesnil and Brimont, 1908 99 Trypanosoma boylei, Lafont, 1912 99 Monomorphic Trypanosomes 99 Trypanosoma vivax, Ziemann, 1905 99 Trypanosoma capræ, Kleine, 1910 100 Trypanosoma congolense, Broden, 1904 100 Trypanosoma simiæ, Bruce, 1912 100 Trypanosoma uniforme, Bruce, 1910 101 General Note on Development of Trypanosomes in Glossina 101 Adaptation of Trypanosomes 101 Genus. Herpetomonas, Saville Kent, 1881 102 Genus. Crithidia, Léger, 1902, emend. Patton, 1908 104 Genus. Leishmania, Ross, 1903 104 Leishmania donovani, Laveran and Mesnil, 1903 105 Leishmania tropica, Wright, 1903 107 Leishmania infantum, Nicolle, 1908 109 Genus. Histoplasma, Darling, 1906 112 Genus. Toxoplasma, Nicolle and Manceaux, 1908 112

THE SPIROCHÆTES 114 The Spirochætes of the Blood 116 Spirochæta duttoni, Novy and Knapp, 1906 116 Spirochæta gallinarum, Stephens and Christophers, 1905 (= Spirochæta marchouxi, Nuttall, 1905) 119 Spirochæta recurrentis, Lebert, 1874 120 Spirochæta rossii, Nuttall, 1908 122 Spirochæta novyi, Schellack, 1907 122 Spirochæta carteri, Mackie and Manson, 1907 122 Spirochæta berbera, Sergent and Foley, 1910 122 Other Human Spirochætes 122 Some Animal Spirochætes 122

TREPONEMATA 124 Treponema pallidum, Schaudinn, 1905 124 Treponema pertenue, Castellani, 1905 127

Class III. SPOROZOA, Leuckart, 1879 128 Sub-class. TELOSPORIDIA, Schaudinn 129 Order. Gregarinida, Aimé Schneider emend. Doflein 129 Order. Coccidiidea 135 Genus. Eimeria, Aimé Schneider, 1875 142 Eimeria avium, Silvestrini and Rivolta 142 Eimeria stiedæ, Lindemann, 1865 145 (a) Human Hepatic Coccidiosis 148 (b) Human Intestinal Coccidiosis 148 (c) Doubtful Cases 149 Genus. Isospora, Aimé Schneider, 1881 149 Isospora bigemina, Stiles, 1891 149 Doubtful Species 150 Order. Hæmosporidia, Danilewsky emend. Schaudinn 151 The Malarial Parasites of Man 155 Development of the Malarial Parasites of Man 159 The Species of the Malarial Parasites of Man 164 Plasmodium vivax, Grassi and Feletti, 1890 164 Plasmodium malariæ, Laveran 166 Laverania malariæ, Grassi and Feletti, 1890 (= Plasmodium falciparum, Welch, 1897) 167 Plasmodium relictum, Sergent, 1907 (in birds) 170 Cultivation of Malarial Parasites 170 Differential Characters of the Human Malarial Parasites 171 Family. Piroplasmidæ, França, 1909 172 Genus. Babesia, Starcovici, 1893 174 Genus. Theileria, Bettencourt, França and Borges, 1907 178 Theileria parva, Theiler, 1903 178 Theileria mutans, Theiler, 1907 180 Genus. Anaplasma, Theiler, 1910 180 Genus. _Paraplasm_a, Seidelin, 1911 180 Sub-class. NEOSPORIDIA, Schaudinn 181 Order. Myxosporidia, Bütschli 181 Order. Microsporidia, Balbiani 184 Order. Actinomyxidia, Stolč. 187 Order. Sarcosporidia, Balbiani 187 Sarcosporidia observed in Man 193 Order. _Haplosporidi_a, Caullery and Mesnil, 1899 194 Rhinosporidium kinealyi, Minchin and Fantham, 1905 195