PART II.✦

CHAPTER I.✦

MICROSCOPIC FORMS OF LIFE--THALLOPHYTES, PTERIDOPHYTA, PHANEROGAMÆ--STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE CELL--PATHOGENIC FUNGI AND MOULDS--PARASITIC DISEASES OF PLANTS, MAN, AND ANIMALS--INDUSTRIAL USES OF FUNGI AND SACCHAROMYCETES--DESMIDIACEÆ AND DIATOMACEÆ--LICHENS, MOSSES, FERNS, FLOWERING PLANTS 353

CHAPTER II.✦

SUB-KINGDOM PROTOZOA--RHIZOPODA--GROMIA AND FORAMINIFERA--INFUSORIA--CILIATA--ROTIFERA--PORIFERA--SPONGES 478

CHAPTER III.✦

ZOOPHYTES--CŒLENTERATA--MEDUSÆ--CORALS--HYDROZOA--MOLLUSCA-- ANNULOSA--WORMS--ENTOZOA--ANNELIDA--CRUSTACEA 515

CHAPTER IV.✦

ARTHROPODA--INSECTA--ARACHNIDA--ACARINA--IXODIDÆ--MITES AND TICKS 583

CHAPTER V.✦

VERTEBRATA--INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STRUCTURES 633

CHAPTER VI.✦

THE MINERAL AND GEOLOGICAL KINGDOMS 670

APPENDIX.✦

DR. MERCER ON ILLUMINATION, AND ABBÉ’S THEORY--MICRO-SPECTROSCOPE--FORMULÆ, METHODS, CEMENTING, CLEARING, HARDENING, AND MOUNTING--TABLES, METRIC AND THERMOMETRIC 672

INDEX 691

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES,

COLOURED AND PLAIN.

FRONTISPIECE.

RADIOLARIA.

In this Plate Fig. 1 shows the elegant lattice-sphere of Rhizosphæra; Fig. 2 represents Sphærozoum, whose skeleton consists of loose spicules, arranged tangentially; Actinomma, Fig. 3, possesses three concentric lattice-spheres, joined by radiating spines; Figs. 4, 5, and 6, represent Lithomespilus, Ommatocampe, and Carpocanium; Fig. 7 represents a deep-sea form (Challengeria), whose oval case is formed of a regular, very fine-meshed, network; Fig. 8 depicts the elegant lattice-sphere of Heliosphæra; Figs. 9 and 10, Clathrocyclas and Dictyophimus.

PLATE I.--Page 400.

PROTOPHYTA. THALLOPHYTES.

Fig. 1. Peziza bicolor--2. Truffle: a. ascus of spores; b. mycelium--3. Sphæria herbarum: a. piece of dead plant, with S. herbarum natural size; b. section of same, slightly magnified; d. Ascus with spores, and paraphyses more magnified--4. Peziza pygmæa--5. Apical form of same--6. P. corpulasis: Ascus with spores and paraphyses, merely given as a further illustration of structure in Peziza--7. Yeast healthy--8. Yeast exhausted--9. Phyllactinia guttata--10. Yeast with favus spores and mycelium of fungus--11. Favus ferment, with oïdium and bacteria--12. Puccinia spores, growing in a saccharine solution--13. Aerobic bacteria--14. Spores and mycelia from eczema produced by yeast--15. Volvox globator--16. Amœboid condition of portion of volvox--17. Puccinia buxi--18. Ditto, more enlarged--(17 to 20 illustrate Ascomycetes.)--19. Æcidium grossulariæ from transverse section of leaf of currant: a. spermogones on upper surface; b. perithecia with spores--20. Phragmidium bulbosum, development of--21. Palmella parietina, trans. section through a spermogone, showing green gonidia and spermatia escaping--22. Æcidium berberida, from leaf of berberry--23. Vaucheria sessilis--24. Stephanosphæra pluvialis: a. Full-grown example, germ cells spindle-shaped with flagella; b. Resting-cell; c. division into four; d. Free-swimming ciliated young specimen; e. Amœboid condition--25. a, b, c, d, e, f and g, Development of lichen gonidia--26. Palmella stellaris (lichen), vertical section through apothecium, showing asci, spores, and paraphyses, with gonidia and filamentous medulla: a. Spermatophore with spermatia--27. Moss gonidia assuming amœboid form.

Typical forms of Protophyta; 7 to 14, modes of development or rudimentary conditions; Confervoideæ, 23; Vaucheria, Stephanosphæra, 24; Volvox, 15, &c.

PLATE II.--Page 412.

PROTOPHYTA. ALGÆ.

Fig. 27. Ceramium acanthonotum--28. Closterium, Triploceras gracilis--29. Cosmarium radiatum--30. Micrasterias denticulata--31. Docidium pristidæ--32. Callithamnion plumula--33. Diatoma, living: a. Licmophora splendida; b. Achnanthes longipes; c. Grammatophora marina. These figures are intended to show the general character of the endochrome and growth of frustule--34. Callithamnion refractum--35. Jungermannia albicans; b. representing elater and spores--36. Leaf with antheridia, or male elements, represented more magnified at a to the left of the figure--37. Ceramium echinotum--38. Pleurosigma angulatum, side view--39. Delesseria hypoglossum--40. Pleurosigma angulatum, front view, endochrome not represented--41. Ceramium flabelligerum.

PLATE III.--Page 479.

PROTOZOA.

Figs. 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52. These figures are from drawings made by Major Owen, to illustrate forms of living Polycystina, sketched from life; these convey a faint idea of the richly coloured appearance of the natural structure; Figs. 48 to 52--53. Gregarina lumbricorum, round form--54. Gregarina lumbricorum, the usual elongated form--55. Gregarina serpulæ--56. Gregarina Sieboldii; illustration of septate form, with reflexed hook-like processes--57. Gregarina lumbricorum, encysted--58. Gregarina lumbricorum, more advanced and pseudo-navicellæ forming--59. Gregarina lumbricorum, free pseudo-navicella of--60, 61. Gregarina lumbricorum, amœboid forms of--62. Cruciate sponge-spicule--63. Astromma Humboldtii--64. Eözoon Canadense, represents appearance of a portion of the natural size--65. Eözoon Canadense, magnified, showing portions of cell-walls left uncoloured, the animal sarcode inhabiting it coloured dark green as in nature, and converted by fossilisation into a silicious mineral; the narrow bands passing between these are processes (stolons) of the same substance--66. Actinophrys sol, budding--67. Euglena viridis: a. contracted; b. elongated form--68. Acineta tuberosa--69. Œcistes longicornis (Davis)--70. Oxytricha gibba (side view)--71. Oxytricha pellionella--72. Thuricola valvata, expanded--73. Cyclidium (glaucoma)--74. Oxytricha scintillans--75 to 79, 80 to 85, illustrate types of Foraminifera discovered by Major Owen, living--75. Globigerina acerosa, n. sp., broken open to show interior--76. Globigerina, n. sp., broken open to show interior--77. Globigerina hirsuta--78. Globigerina universa--79 and 81. G. Bulloides--80. Conochilus vorticella--82. Globigerina inflata, sinistral shell--83. Pulvinulina Micheliniana--84. P. Canariensis--85. P. Menardii.

PLATE IV.--Page 514.

METAZOA. BRYOZOA.

Fig. 86. Hartea elegans--87. Side view of Synapta spicula--88. Ophioglypha rosula (very immature specimen): a. Claw hooks; b. palmate spicula. The development of this species is described by G. Hodge, in “Transactions of Tyneside Naturalists’ Field-Club”--89. Spine of a star-fish, particularly interesting as showing the reticular calcareous network obtaining in this as in all other hard parts of the Echinodermata--90. Very minute Spatangus, obtained from stomach of a bream: many of the spines are gone, but the structure of the shell is intact and forms a beautiful object, interesting in connection with the source whence obtained--91. Ophioglypha neglecta: wriggling or brittle starfish. The plate does not admit of a figure on a scale sufficient to show the full beauty of this object--92. Tubularia Dumortierii--93. Pedicellaria mandibulata from Uraster glacialis--94. Pedicellaria forcepiforma, from the same--95. Cristatella mucedo; 96. Edge-view of statoblast; 97. early stage in development of same--98. Lophopus crystallinus--99. Plumatella repens with ova, on submerged stem--100. Tænia echinococcus--101. Hydatids from human liver--102. Bilharzia hæmatobia--103. Amphistoma conicum--104. Trichina spiralis from fleshy part of Hambrc’ pork--105. Trichina spiralis male, separated from muscle.--106, 107. Fasciola gigantea.

PLATE V.--Page 556.

MOLLUSCA.

Fig. 108. Velutina lævigata, portion of lingual membrane--109. Velutina lævigata, part of mandible--110. Hybocystis blennius, portion of palate--111. Sepia officinalis, portion of palate--112. Aplysia hybrida, part of mandible--113. Loligo vulgaris, part of palate--114. Haliotis tuberculatus, part of palate--115. Cistula catenata, part of palate--116. Patella radiata, part of palate--117. Acmæa virginea, part of palate--118. Cymba olla, part of palate--119. Scapander ligniarius--120. Oneidoris bilamellata, part of palate--121. Testacella Maugei, part of palate--122. Pleurobranchus plumula, part of mandible--123. Turbo marmoratus, part of palate.

Lingual membranes of Mollusca; drawings made from specimens in the collection formed by F. E. Edwards, Esq., now in the British Museum. Typical examples of the numerous forms of Odontophors met with in Gasteropod and Cephalopod Mollusca.

PLATE VI.--Page 582.

INSECTA.

Fig. 124. Egg of Caradrina morpheus, mottled rustic moth--125. Egg of tortoise-shell butterfly, Vanessa urticæ--126. Egg of common footman, Lithosia complanula--127. Egg of shark moth, Cucullia umbratica--128. Maple-aphis--129. Egg shell of acarus, empty--130. Egg of house-fly--131. Mouth of Tsetse-fly, Glossina morsitans--132. Vapourer moth, Orgyia antiqua: antenna of male--133. Vapourer moth: antenna of female; a. branch more magnified to show rudimentary condition of the parts--134. Tortoise-shell butterfly; head in profile, showing large compound eye, one of the palpi, and spiral tongue--135. Tortoise-beetle, Cassida viridis; under surface of left fore-foot, to show the bifurcate tenent appendages, one of which is given at a more magnified. This form of appendage is characteristic of the family. “West on Feet of Insects,” Linn. Trans. vol. xxiii. tab. 43-136. Egg of blue argus butterfly, Polyommatus argus--137. Egg of mottled umber, Erannis defoliaria--138. Egg of Ennomos erosaria, thorn-moth--139. Egg of Aspilates gilvaria, straw-belle--140. Blow-fly, Musca vomitoria: left fore-loot, under-surface, to show tenent hairs; a b more magnified; a from below, b from the side--141. House-fly larva--142. Amara communis: left fore-foot, under-surface, to show form of tenent appendages, of which one is given more magnified at a. These, in ground beetles, are met with only in the males, believed to be used for sexual purposes. These appendages are carefully protected when not in use, as explained by West--143. Ephydra riparia: left fore-foot, under-surface. This fly is met with sometimes in immense numbers on the water in salt-marshes; it has no power of climbing on glass, as seen by the structure of the tenent hairs; the central tactile organ also is peculiar, the whole acting as a float, one attached to each foot, enabling the fly to rest on the surface of the water; a. an enlarged external hair--144. Egg of bot-fly, the larva just escaping--145. Egg of parasite of pheasant--146. Egg of Scatophaga--147. Egg of parasite of magpie--148. Egg of Jodis vernaria, small emerald moth.