THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE COURTIER 243 1-2: Eulogy of several other interlocutors whose death had recently occurred. 3-6: Ottaviano Fregoso resumes the interrupted discussion, considers the Courtier’s relations with his prince, and urges the duty of employing his qualities and accomplishments so that his prince may be led to seek good and shun evil. 7-10: Princes’ need to know the truth, their difficulty in finding it, and the Courtier’s duty to encourage them in the path of virtue. 11-2: Virtue not wholly innate, but susceptible of cultivation. 13-6: Ignorance the source of nearly all human errour. 17-8: Temperance the perfect virtue, because it is the fountain of virtues. 19-24: Monarchy vs. commonwealth. 25-6: Whether a contemplative or an active life is more befitting a prince. 27-8: Peace the aim of war; the virtues befitting each. 29: Right training of princes to begin in habit and to be confirmed by reason. 30: Humourous digression. 31: Governo misto. 32-5: Attributes of a good prince: justice, devoutness, love of his subjects, and mild sway. 36-9: Grand public works; the Crusades; eulogy of several young princes. 40: Princes must avoid certain extremes. 41: Princes must attend to details personally. 42: Eulogy of the youthful Federico Gonzaga. 43-8: Arguments supporting the theory that the Courtier’s highest aim is the instruction of his prince. 49-52: Whether the Courtier ought to be in love; Bembo appointed to discourse on love and beauty. 53-4: Evils and perils of sensual love. 55-6: Digression concerning the love of old men. 57-60: True beauty, the reflection of goodness. 61-4: In what manner the unyouthful Courtier ought to love; rational love contrasted with sensual love. 65-7: Contemplation of abstract beauty. 68-9: Contemplation of divine beauty. 70-1: Bembo’s invocation to the Holy Spirit. 72: Instances in which a vision of divine beauty has been granted to mortals. 73: Termination of the discussion at dawn. PRELIMINARY NOTES,—Life of the Author, etc. 313 NOTES TO THE DEDICATORY LETTER 317 NOTES TO THE FIRST BOOK OF THE COURTIER 325 NOTES TO THE SECOND BOOK OF THE COURTIER 355 NOTES TO THE THIRD BOOK OF THE COURTIER 387 NOTES TO THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE COURTIER 407 LIST OF EDITIONS OF THE BOOK OF THE COURTIER 417

INDEX 423

LIST OF PLATES

1 BALDESAR CASTIGLIONE, Count of Novillara; Raphael; Frontispiece

2 BALDESAR CASTIGLIONE; anonymous medal; Title-page

Facing page

3 FRANCESCO MARIA DELLA ROVERE, Duke of Urbino; 1 Titian;

4 GUIDOBALDO DI MONTEFELTRO, Duke of Urbino; 9 Giovanni Santi (?);

5 EMILIA PIA; medal by Giancristoforo Romano (?); 11

6 ELISABETTA GONZAGA, Duchess of Urbino; Mantegna 12 (?);

7 BERNARDO ACCOLTI, the “Unico Aretino;” Vasari; 16

8 COUNT LUDOVICO DA CANOSSA; anonymous; 20

9 CARDINAL IPPOLITO D’ESTE; anonymous medal; 22

10 GALEAZZO SANSEVERINO; anonymous; 34

11 ANGELO AMBROGINI, “Poliziano;” Ghirlandajo; 51

12 MONSEIGNEUR D’ANGOULÊME, Francis I of France; 57 anonymous medal;

13 MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI; Daniele da Volterra (?); 67

14 BORSO D’ESTE, Duke of Ferrara; Francesco Cossa; 77

15 AUTOGRAPHS; 89

16 AUTOGRAPHS; 96

17 GIACOPO SANNAZARO; Vasari; 113

18 LEONARDO DA VINCI; autograph drawing; 117

19 BERNARDO DOVIZI DA BIBBIENA; Raphael (?); 123

20 POPE ALEXANDER VI; Pinturicchio; 126

21 ERCOLE D’ESTE, Duke of Ferrara; anonymous relief; 129

22 GALEOTTO MARZI DA NARNI; anonymous medal; 136

23 TOMMASO INGHIRAMI, “Fedra;” Raphael (?); 138

24 PRINCE DJEM; Pinturicchio; 141

25 AGOSTINO BEVAZZANO; Raphael; 144

26 OTTAVIANO UBALDINI; Melozzo da Forli; 147

27 RAPHAEL; Sebastiano del Piombo; 149

28 FRANCESCO ALIDOSI, Cardinal of Pavia; anonymous 151 relief;

29 POPE LEO X; Raphael; 152

30 AUTOGRAPHS; 169

31 GIULIANO DE’ MEDICI, “My lord Magnifico;” 175 Alessandro Allori;

32 ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC; Miguel Zittoz (?); 203

33 ISABELLA D’ESTE, Marchioness of Mantua; Titian; 204

34 LUDOVICO GONZAGA, Bishop of Mantua; Mantegna; 215

35 FERDINAND THE CATHOLIC; Miguel Zittoz (?); 219

36 ELEANORA GONZAGA, Duchess of Urbino; Titian; 244

37 POPE JULIUS II; Raphael; 274

38 PRINCE HENRY OF WALES, Henry VIII; anonymous; 276

39 FEDERICO GONZAGA, Marquess and Duke of Mantua; 279 anonymous medal;

40 CARDINAL PIETRO BEMBO; medal by Benvenuto Cellini 288 (?);

41 BALDESAR CASTIGLIONE, Count of Novillara; 313 anonymous;

42 CASTIGLIONE’S TOMB, near Mantua; Giulio Romano; 314

43 VITTORIA COLONNA, Marchioness of Pescara; 320 anonymous medal;

44 FEDERICO GONZAGA, Marquess of Mantua; Mantegna; 322

45 FEDERICO DI MONTEFELTRO, Duke of Urbino; Mino da 325 Fiesole (?);

46 ALFONSO II OF NAPLES; medal by Guazzalotti; 327

47 FERDINAND II OF NAPLES; anonymous bronze bust; 328

48 GIACOMO SADOLETO; Vasari; 331

49 LOUIS XII OF FRANCE; anonymous pen-drawing; 332

50 MATTHIAS CORVINUS OF HUNGARY; anonymous medal; 336

51 ANDREA MANTEGNA; anonymous bronze relief; 341

52 LORENZO DE’ MEDICI, “the Magnificent;” medal by 345 Pollaiuolo;

53 BEATRICE D’ESTE, Duchess of Milan; Piero della 352 Francesca (?);

54 FILIPPO MARIA VISCONTI, Duke of Milan; Pisanello; 355

55 NICCOLÒ PICCININO; Pisanello; 356

56 MAXIMILIAN I OF GERMANY; Ambrogio da Predis; 359

57 CHARLES VIII OF FRANCE; anonymous bust; 360

58 POPE NICHOLAS V; medal by Guazzalotti; 362

59 GIROLAMO DONATO; anonymous relief; 365

60 GIOVANNI CALFURNIO; anonymous relief; 366

61 CONSALVO DE CORDOBA, “the Great Captain;” medal by 368 Annibal;

62 COSIMO DE’ MEDICI, “Pater Patriæ;” medal by 370 Niccolò Fiorentino;

63 BAJAZET II OF TURKEY; anonymous print; 372

64 ALFONSO I OF NAPLES; Pisanello; 375

65 CESARE BORGIA, Duke of Valentinois; Beccaruzzi 377 (?);

66 LUDOVICO SFORZA, Duke of Milan; Cristoforo Solari; 381

67 ANNE OF BRITTANY; medal by Jean Perreal; 393

68 MARGARITA OF AUSTRIA; anonymous; 395

69 BEATRICE OF ARAGON, Queen of Hungary; anonymous 397 bust;

70 ISABELLA OF ARAGON, Duchess of Milan; medal by 398 Giancristoforo Romano;

71 FEDERICO III OF NAPLES; anonymous medal; 400

72 ELEANORA OF ARAGON, Duchess of Ferrara; anonymous 402 relief;

73 GIANFRANCESCO GONZAGA, Marquess of Mantua; 409 Francesco Bonsignori (?);

74 HENRY VII OF ENGLAND; anonymous; 412

75 DON CARLOS, Prince of Spain; Bernhard Strigel (?); 414

76 REVERSE OF MEDAL ON TITLE-PAGE; End piece

INTERLOCUTORS

ELISABETTA GONZAGA, wife of Guidobaldo di Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino. Aged 46. EMILIA PIA, friend and companion of the Duchess, and widow of the Duke’s half-brother. Aged about 30. MARGARITA GONZAGA, young niece and companion of the Duchess. COSTANZA FREGOSA, young half-niece of the Duke. FRANCESCO MARIA DELLA ROVERE, nephew and adopted heir of the Duke. Aged 17. Count LUDOVICO DA CANOSSA, a kinsman of the author, afterwards made Bishop of Bayeux. aged 31. FEDERICO FREGOSO, half-nephew of the Duke, afterwards made a cardinal. Aged 27. GIULIANO DE’ MEDICI, an exile from Florence, known at Urbino as “My lord Magnifico,” and afterwards made Duke of Nemours. Aged 29. BERNARDO DOVIZI, better known as BIBBIENA, an adherent of the Medici, afterwards made a cardinal. Aged 37. OTTAVIANO FREGOSO, elder brother of Costanza and Federico, afterwards Doge of Genoa. PIETRO BEMBO, a Venetian scholar and poet, afterwards made a cardinal. Aged 37. CESARE GONZAGA, a kinsman of the Duchess, and cousin as well as close friend of the author. Aged about 32. BERNARDO ACCOLTI, better known as the UNICO ARETINO, a courtier-poet and popular extemporizer. Aged about 42. Count GASPAR PALLAVICINO. Aged 21. GIANCRISTOFORO ROMANO, a sculptor, medallist, etc. Aged about 42. COLLO VINCENZO CALMETA, a courtier-poet. LUDOVICO PIO, a brave young soldier, and kinsman of Emilia Pia. SIGISMONDO MORELLO DA ORTONA, an elderly courtier. Fra SERAFINO, a jester.