Portuguese literature

PORTUGUESE LITERATURE

Oxford University Press

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Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY

PORTUGUESE LITERATURE

BY AUBREY F. G. BELL

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1922

TO THE TRUE PORTUGAL OF THE FUTURE

La letteratura, dalla quale sola potrebbe aver sodo principio la rigenerazione della nostra patria.

GIACOMO LEOPARDI.

This book was ready in October 1916, but the war delayed its publication. A few alterations have now been made in order to bring it up to date. It is needless to say how welcome will be further suggestions, especially for the bibliography. Only by such help can a book of this kind become useful, since its object is not to expatiate upon schools and theories but to give with as much accuracy as possible the main facts concerning the work and life of each individual author.

AUBREY F. G. BELL.

S. JOÃO DO ESTORIL, PORTUGAL. July 1921

CONTENTS

Introduction

PAGE

Portuguese literature in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries--D. Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcellos--Dr. Theophilo Braga--Portuguese prose--Portuguese writers in Spanish and Latin--Character of the Portuguese--Special qualities of their literature--Splendid achievement--Lack of criticism and proportion but not of talent 13

I. 1185-1325.

[i. e. from the accession of Sancho I to the death of Dinis.]

§ 1. The Cossantes 22

Earliest poems--Their indigenous character and peculiar form--Their origin--Galicia in the Middle Ages--The pilgrimages--Dance-poems--Themes of the cossantes--Their relation to the poetry imported from Provence--Writers of cossantes: Nuno Fernandez Torneol--Joan Zorro--Pero Meogo--Pay Gomez Chariño--Airas Nunez’ pastorela--The cantigas de vilãos--Songs of women--Persistence of the cossante to modern times--Cossantes and cantigas de amor.

§ 2. The Cancioneiros 37

Cancioneiro da Ajuda--Cancioneiro da Vaticana--Cancioneiro Colocci-Brancuti--Relations of Portugal with Spain, with France, with other countries--The Galician language--Its extension--Alfonso X--The Cantigas de Santa Maria--Poetry at the Court of Afonso III--Provençal poetry in Portugal--Monotony and technical skill of the Portuguese poets--Cantigas de amigo--Satiric poems--Joan de Guilhade--Pero Garcia de Burgos--Pero da Ponte--Joan Airas--Fernan Garcia Esgaravunha--Airas Nunez--King Dinis.

II. 1325-1521.

[i. e. from the accession of Sancho IV to the death of Manuel I.]

§ 1. Early Prose 58

Comparatively late development of prose--Spanish influence in the second period of Portuguese literature--King Dinis’ translation of the Cronica Geral--Regra de S. Bento--Translations from the Bible--Sacred legends--Aesop’s Fables--Chronicles--Livros de Linhagens--The Breton cycle--The Quest of the Holy Grail--Livro de Josep ab Arimatia--Estorea de Vespeseano--Amadis de Gaula--Problem of its origin--Early allusions--Vasco de Lobeira--Probable introduction of Amadis into the Peninsula through Portugal.

§ 2. Epic and Later Galician Poets 72

Dearth of epics--Apocryphal poems--Afonso Giraldez--Romances--Their connexion with Spain--Survival of Galician lyrics--Macias--Juan Rodriguez de la Cámara--Fernam Casquicio--Vasco Perez de Camões--Gonçalo Rodriguez, Archdeacon of Toro--Garci Ferrandez de Gerena--Alfonso Alvarez de Villasandino--Cantigas de escarnho--The Constable D. Pedro.

§ 3. The Chroniclers 81

Fernam Lopez--Cronica do Condestabre--Zurara--Ruy de Pina--Cronica do Infante Santo. Other prose: King João I--King Duarte--Pedro, Duke of Coimbra--Letters of Lopo de Almeida--Boosco Delleytoso--Corte Imperial--Flos Sanctorum--Vita Christi--Espelho de Christina--Espelho de Prefeyçam.

§ 4. The Cancioneiro Geral 96

The break in Portuguese poetry--Its revival--Garcia de Resende--Cancioneiro Geral--Its shallow themes--More serious poems--Alvaro de Brito--The Coudel Môr--D. João de Meneses--D. João Manuel--Fernam da Silveira--Nuno Pereira--Diogo Brandam--Luis Anriquez--Rodriguez de Sá--The Conde de Vimioso--Duarte de Brito--Spanish influence.

III. The Sixteenth Century [1502-80].

§ 1. Gil Vicente 106

The sixteenth century--Gil Vicente’s first play (1502)--The year and place of his birth--His life--Poet and goldsmith--His autos--Types sketched in his farsas--Devotional plays, comedies and tragicomedies--Origin of the drama in Portugal--Enzina’s influence on Vicente--French influence--Other Spanish writers--Traditional satire--Number of Vicente’s plays--Their character and that of their author--His patriotism and serious purpose--His achievement and influence in Spain and Portugal.

§ 2. Lyric and Bucolic Poets 132

Bernardim Ribeiro--Cristovam Falcão--Sá de Miranda--D. Manuel de Portugal--Diogo Bernardez--Frei Agostinho da Cruz--Antonio Ferreira--Andrade Caminha--Sá de Meneses--Falcão de Resende--Jorge de Montemôr--Fernam Alvarez do Oriente--Faria e Sousa--Francisco Rodriguez Lobo.

§ 3. The Drama 156

Gil Vicente’s successors--Anonymous plays--Afonso Alvarez--Antonio Ribeiro Chiado--Balthasar Diaz--Anrique Lopez--Jorge Pinto--Antonio Prestes--Jeronimo Ribeiro Soarez--Simão Machado--Francisco Vaz--Gil Vicente de Almeida--Frei Antonio da Estrella--Classical drama: Sá de Miranda--Antonio Ferreira--Camões--Jorge Ferreira de Vasconcellos.

§ 4. Luis de Camões 174

Family of Camões--His birth and education--In North Africa--In India--Return to Portugal--Last years and death--Camões as epic and lyric poet--The Lusiads--Its critics--His greatness--Influence on the language--His Parnasso--Camões and Petrarca--Later epic poets--Corte Real--Pereira Brandão--Francisco de Andrade.

§ 5. The Historians 190

Historians of India--Alvaro Velho --Lopez de Castanheda--Barros--Couto--Corrêa--Bras de Albuquerque--Antonio Galvam--Special narratives--Gaspar Fructuoso--Frei Bernardo de Brito--Francisco de Andrade--Osorio--Bernardo da Cruz--Jeronimo de Mendoça--Miguel de Moura--Duarte Nunez de Leam--Damião de Goes--André de Resende--Manuel Severim de Faria--Faria e Sousa.

§ 6. Quinhentista Prose 217

Vivid prose--Historia Tragico-Maritima. Travels: Duarte Barbosa--Francisco Alvarez--Gaspar da Cruz--Frei João dos Santos--Tenreiro--Mestre Afonso--Frei Gaspar de S. Bernardino--Manuel Godinho--Fernam Mendez Pinto--Garcia da Orta--Pedro Nunez--Duarte Pacheco--D. João de Castro--Afonso de Albuquerque--Soropita--Rodriguez Silveira--Fernandez Ferreira--Francisco de Hollanda--Gonçalo Fernandez Trancoso--Francisco de Moraes.

§ 7. Religious and Mystic Writers 235

Mysticism--Frei Heitor Pinto--Arraez--Frei Thomé de Jesus--Frei Luis de Sousa--Lucena--Preachers: Paiva de Andrade--Fernandez Galvão--Feo--Luz--Calvo--Veiga--Ceita--Lisboa--Almeida--Alvarez--Samuel Usque--Frei Antonio das Chagas--Manuel Bernardes.

IV. 1580-1706.

[i. e. from the accession of Philip II of Spain to the death of Pedro II.]

The Seiscentistas 251

Culteranismo--D. Francisco Manuel de Mello--Fenix Renascida--Soror Violante do Ceo--Child Rolim de Moura--Veiga Tagarro--Galhegos--The epic: Pereira de Castro--Bras Garcia de Mascarenhas--Sá de Meneses--Sousa de Macedo--Mousinho de Quevedo--The Academies--Martim Afonso de Miranda--Leitão de Andrade--The Love Letters--Arte de Furtar--Ribeiro de Macedo--Freire de Andrade--Antonio Vieira.

V. 1706-1816.

[i. e. from the accession of João V to the death of Maria I.]

The Eighteenth Century 270

The Arcadias--Corrêa Garção--Quita--Diniz da Cruz e Silva--Filinto Elysio--Tolentino--The Marquesa de Alorna--Bocage--Xavier de Mattos--Gonzaga--Costa--Brazilian epics--Macedo--The Drama: Figueiredo--Antonio José da Silva--Nicolau Dias--The Academy of Sciences--Scholars and critics--Theodoro de Almeida--Letters.

VI. 1816-1910.

[i. e. from the accession of João VI to the fall of the Monarchy.]

§ 1. The Romantic School 287

Portugal at the opening of the century--Almeida Garrett--Herculano--Historical novelists--Rebello da Silva--Camillo Castello Branco--Poetry: Castilho--Mendes Leal--Soares de Passos--Gomes de Amorim--Xavier de Novaes--Thomaz Ribeiro--Bulhão Pato.

§ 2. The Reaction and After 304

The Coimbra School--History: Oliveira Martins--Pinheiro Chagas--Research and criticism--The Drama: Ennes--Azevedo--D. João da Camara--Marcellino Mesquita--Snr. Lopes de Mendonça--Snr. Julio Dantas--The Novel: Julio Diniz--Eça de Queiroz--J. L. Pinto--Snr. Luiz de Magalhães--Snr. Magalhães Lima--Bento Moreno--Snr. Silva Gayo--Snr. Malheiro Dias--Abel Botelho--Ramalho Ortigão--Snr. Teixeira Gomes--Snr. Antero de Figueiredo--D. Maria Amalia Vaz de Carvalho--The Conde de Sabugosa--The Conto: Machado--The Conde de Ficalho--Fialho de Almeida--D. João da Camara--Trindade Coelho--Snr. Julio Brandão--Poetry: Quental--João de Deus--Guilherme Braga--A. da Conceição--G. de Azevedo--João Penha--Cesario Verde--Gonçalves Crespo--Snr. Guerra Junqueiro--Gomes Leal--Snr. Teixeira de Pascoaes--Antonio Nobre--Colonel Christovam Ayres--Joaquim de Araujo--Antonio Feijó--Snr. Eugenio de Castro--Snr. Corrêa de Oliveira--Snr. Afonso Lopes Vieira.