Part Three
1890-1955
16. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ART NOUVEAU: 281 VICTOR HORTA
17. THE SPREAD OF THE ART NOUVEAU: THE WORK 292 OF C. R. MACKINTOSH AND ANTONI GAUDÍ
18. MODERN ARCHITECTS OF THE FIRST 307 GENERATION IN FRANCE: AUGUSTE PERRET AND TONY GARNIER
19. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT AND HIS CALIFORNIA 320 CONTEMPORARIES
20. PETER BEHRENS AND OTHER GERMAN 336 ARCHITECTS
21. THE FIRST GENERATION IN AUSTRIA, 349 HOLLAND, AND SCANDINAVIA
22. THE EARLY WORK OF THE SECOND GENERATION: 363 WALTER GROPIUS, LE CORBUSIER, MIES VAN DER ROHE, AND THE DUTCH
23. LATER WORK OF THE LEADERS OF THE SECOND 380 GENERATION
24. ARCHITECTURE CALLED TRADITIONAL IN THE 392 TWENTIETH CENTURY
25. ARCHITECTURE AT THE MID CENTURY 411
EPILOGUE 429
NOTES 439
BIBLIOGRAPHY 473
The Plates 484
INDEX 677
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LIST OF FIGURES
1 Friedrich Weinbrenner: Karlsruhe, 17 Marktplatz, 1804-24, plan
2 J.-N.-L. Durand: ‘Vertical Combinations’ 21 (from Précis des leçons, II, plate 3)
3 J.-N.-L. Durand: ‘Galleries’ (from 24 Précis des leçons, II, plate 14)
4 Leo von Klenze; Munich, War Office, 26 1824-6, elevation (from Klenze, Sammlung, III, plate x)
5 K. F. von Schinkel: project for Neue 29 Wache, Berlin, 1816 (from Schinkel, Sammlung, I, plate 1)
6 K. F. von Schinkel: Berlin, Altes 31 Museum, 1824-8, section (from Schinkel, Sammlung, I, plate 40)
7 K. F. von Schinkel: Berlin, Feilner 34 house, 1829, elevation (from Schinkel, Sammlung, plate 113)
8 Gottfried Semper: Dresden, Opera House 37 (first), 1837-41, plan (from Semper, Das Königliche Hoftheater, plate 1)
9 J.-I. Hittorff: project for country 47 house for Comte de W., 1830, elevation (from Normand, Paris moderne, I, plate 71)
10 John Nash: London, Regent Street and 65 Regent’s Park, 1812-27, plan (from Summerson, John Nash)
11 John Haviland: Philadelphia, Eastern 79 Penitentiary, 1823-35, plan (from Crawford, Report, plate 1)
12 Thomas Jefferson: Charlottesville, Va., 83 University of Virginia, 1817-26, plan (from Kimball, Thomas Jefferson)
13 Isaiah Rogers: Boston, Tremont House, 87 1828-9, plan (from Eliot, _A Description of the Tremont House_)
14 H.-P.-F. Labrouste: Paris, Bibliothèque 125 Sainte-Geneviève, (1839), 1843-50, section (from Allgemeine Bauzeitung, 1851, plate 386)
15 J.-L.-C. Garnier: Paris, Opéra, 1863-74, 139 plan (from Garnier, Nouvel opéra, I, plate 9)
16 Vilhelm Petersen and Ferdinand Jensen: 156 Copenhagen, Søtorvet, 1873-6, elevation (Kunstakademiets Bibliotek, Copenhagen)
17 Antoni Gaudí: project for Palau Güell, 203 Barcelona, 1885, elevation (from Ráfols, Gaudí, p. 54)
18 W. Eden Nesfield: Kew Gardens, Lodge, 208 1867, elevation (Courtesy of Victoria and Albert Museum)
19 R. Norman Shaw: Leyswood, Sussex, 1868, 210 plan (from Muthesius, _Das Englische Haus_, I, figure 81)
20 D. H. Burnham and F. L. Olmsted: 231 Chicago, World’s Fair, 1893, plan (from Edgell, _American Architecture of Today_, figure 36)
21 T. F. Hunt: house-plan, 1827 (from Hunt, 255 Designs for Parsonage Houses, plate IV)
22 A. J. Downing: house-plan, 1842 (from 258 Downing, Cottage Residences, figure 50)
23 Philip Webb: Arisaig, Inverness-shire, 260 1863, plan (Courtesy of J. Brandon-Jones)
24 Nesfield & Shaw: Cloverley Hall, 261 Shropshire, 1865-8, plan (from Architectural Review, 1 (1897), p. 244)
25 Philip Webb: Barnet, Hertfordshire, 262 Trevor Hall, 1868-70, plan (Courtesy of Victoria and Albert Museum)
26 W. R. Emerson: Mount Desert, Maine, 266 house, 1879, plan (from Scully, _The Shingle Style_, figure 46)
27 McKim, Mead & White: Newport, R.I., 268 Isaac Bell, Jr, house, 1881-2, plan (from Sheldon, Artistic Houses)
28 Bruce Price: Tuxedo Park, N.Y., Tower 270 House, 1885-6 (from Scully, _The Shingle Style_, figure 109)
29 Frank Lloyd Wright: Chicago, Isidore 272 Heller house, 1897, plan (from Hitchcock, _In the Nature of Materials_, figure 44)
30 Frank Lloyd Wright: Chicago, J. W. 273 Husser house, 1899, plan (from Hitchcock, _In the Nature of Materials_, figure 46)
31 Frank Lloyd Wright: Kankakee, Ill., 274 Warren Hickox house, 1900, plan (from Hitchcock, _In the Nature of Materials_, figure 54)
32 C. F. A. Voysey: Lake Windermere, 277 Broadleys, 1898-9, plan (Courtesy of J. Brandon-Jones)
33 M. H. Baillie Scott: Trevista, c. 1905, 278 plan (from Baillie Scott, _Houses and Gardens_, 1906, p. 155)
34 Victor Horta: Brussels, Aubecq house, 290 1900, plan (Courtesy of J. Delhaye)
35 Antoni Gaudí: Barcelona, Casa Milá, 304 1905-10, plan of typical floor (Courtesy of Amics de Gaudí)
36 Auguste Perret: Paris, block of flats, 311 25 bis Rue Franklin, 1902-3, plan (from Architecture d’Aujourd’hui, October 1932, p. 19)
37 Auguste Perret: Le Raincy, S.-et-O., 313 Notre-Dame, 1922-3, plan (from Pfammatter, Betonkirchen, p. 38)
38 Frank Lloyd Wright: Highland Park, Ill., 322 W. W. Willitts house, 1902, plan (from Hitchcock, _In the Nature of Materials_, figure 74)
39 Frank Lloyd Wright: Glencoe, Ill., W. A. 323 Glasner house, 1905, plan (from Hitchcock, _In the Nature of Materials_, figure 111)
40 Frank Lloyd Wright: Pasadena, Cal., Mrs 327 G. M. Millard house, 1923, plans (from Hitchcock, _In the Nature of Materials_, figure 251)
41 Frank Lloyd Wright: Minneapolis, M. C. 328 Willey house, 1934, plan (from Hitchcock, _In the Nature of Materials_, figure 317)
42 Frank Lloyd Wright: Middleton, Wis., 331 Herbert Jacobs house, 1948, plan (from Hitchcock and Drexler, _Built in U.S.A._, p. 121)
43 Adolf Loos: Vienna, Gustav Scheu house, 353 1912, plan (Courtesy of Dr Ludwig Münz)
44 Le Corbusier: First project for Citrohan 368 house, 1919-20, perspective (from Le Corbusier, Œuvre complète, I, p. 31)
45 Le Corbusier: Second project for 369 Citrohan house, 1922, plans and section (from Le Corbusier, _Œuvre complète_, I, p. 44)
46 Le Corbusier: Vaucresson, S.-et-O., 371 house, 1923, plans (from Le Corbusier, Œuvre complète, I, p. 51)
47 Le Corbusier: Poissy, S.-et-O., Savoye 372 house, 1929-30, plan (from Hitchcock, Modern Architecture, p. 67)
48 Walter Gropius: Dessau, Bauhaus, 1925-6, 374 plans (from Hitchcock, _Modern Architecture_, p. 67)
49 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Project for 375 brick country house, 1922, plan (from Johnson, Mies van der Rohe, p. 32)
50 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Brno, 376 Tugendhat house, 1930, plan (from Hitchcock, Modern Architecture, p. 127)
51 Le Corbusier: Marseilles, Unité 386 d’Habitation, 1946-52, section of three storeys (from Le Corbusier, Œuvre complète, V, p. 211)
52 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Chicago, 389 Illinois Institute of Technology, 1939-41, general plan (from Johnson, Mies van der Rohe, 2nd ed., p. 134)
53 Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Plano, Ill., 390 Dr Edith Farnsworth House, 1950, plan (from Johnson, Mies van der Rohe, p. 170)
54 Sir Edwin Lutyens: Hampstead Garden 406 Suburb, London, North and South Squares, 1908 (from Weaver, _Houses and Gardens_ (Country Life), 1913, figure 480)
55 Saarinen & Saarinen: Warren, Mich., 419 General Motors Technical Institute, 1946-55, layout (Courtesy of General Motors)
56 Osvaldo Arthur Bratke: São Paulo, 425 Morumbí, Bratke house, 1953, plan (from Hitchcock, _Latin American Architecture_, p. 174)
57 Philip Johnson: Wayzata, Minn., Richard 426 S. Davis house, 1954 (from Architectural Review, 1955, pp. 236-47)
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LIST OF PLATES
ABBREVIATION N.B.R. – NATIONAL BUILDINGS RECORD
1 J.-G. Soufflot and others: Paris, Panthéon (Sainte-Geneviève), 1757-90 (Archives Photographiques—Paris)
2 (A) C.-N. Ledoux: Paris, Barrière de la Villette, 1784-9 (Archives Photographiques—Paris)
2 (B) C.-N. Ledoux: Project for Coopery, c. 1785 (from Ledoux, L’ Architecture, 1)
2 (C) L.-E. Boullée: Project for City Hall, c. 1785 (H. Rosenau)
3 Sir John Soane: London, Bank of England, Consols Office, 1794 (F. R. Yerbury)
4 (A) Sir John Soane: London, Bank of England, Waiting Room Court, 1804 (F. R. Yerbury)
4 (B) C. F. Hansen: Copenhagen, Vor Frue Kirke, 1811-29 (Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen)
5 Benjamin H. Latrobe: Baltimore, Catholic Cathedral, 1805-18 (J. H. Schaefer & Son)
6 (A) Sir John Soane: Tyringham, Buckinghamshire, Entrance Gate, 1792-7 (Soane Museum)
6 (B) Percier and Fontaine: Paris, Rue de Rivoli, 1802-55 (A. Leconte)
7 J.-F.-T. Chalgrin and others: Paris, Arc de Triomphe de l’Étoile, 1806-35 (Giraudon)
8 (A) Thomas de Thomon: Petersburg, Bourse, 1804-16 (Courtesy of T. J. McCormick)