X. ÇA IRA 207

The French Revolution--Its appeal to American democrats--A wave of enthusiasm--At Baltimore--At Boston--At Charleston--Political significance of the Revolution to America--Americans divide on issue of democracy--Federalists opposed--Their action in the Senate--Denunciations of France--Federalist scorn for Louis’s weakness--Jefferson’s attitude--His instructions to Ministers--Hamiltonians capitalize execution of King--‘Cato’ revived in Philadelphia--‘Capet has lost his Caput’--Sorrow at Providence--‘Cordelia’ urges black rose for mourning--Tide turns against the French--Jefferson’s disgust--Society mourns--Jefferson and Madison on right to execute--George III joins coalition--‘Monarchy versus Democracy’--Masses swing back to France--Under the Bingham windows--Bitterness against England--Hamilton’s alarm--Summons Washington from Mount Vernon--Hamilton’s misrepresentation of England’s action--He usurps Jefferson’s functions--Prepares questions for Cabinet council--Cabinet struggle--Neutrality Proclamation--Madison’s anger--Protests of the streets--Genêt--His ovations--Jefferson and Madison pleased--Hamiltonians plan cool reception in Philadelphia--Popular protests--False report on Count de Noailles--Hysterical reception--Washington cold--Press attacks Neutrality--A French craze--Mobs march--The provocations--Scenes in theaters--Federalists mock--Democratic clubs--Their political significance--How Neutrality fared--Genêt’s madness--English outrages--‘Red Coats’ toasted--‘Pacifist’--Jefferson orders Madison to reply--Attacks on Hamilton--The ‘Little Sarah’--Jefferson and Genêt--Reactions against French--Madison meets it--Cabinet confers on Genêt--Jefferson demands his recall--Society pro-English--Party bitterness--Jefferson’s social ostracism--He resigns--Washington’s efforts to dissuade him--A near duel--A scare in Boston--Yellow fever in Philadelphia--Hamilton stricken--Jefferson’s Report on Commerce--A party document--He retires to Monticello.

XI. HECTIC DAYS 240

Madison’s Commercial Resolutions--Their political purpose--English party aroused--Hamilton speaks by proxy--Madison avows retaliation--The debate--Ames’s unfortunate speech--Arraignment of English outrages and defense--‘An English agent here’--Press attacks on Madison--Jeffersonians call town meetings--At Boston--At New York--At Philadelphia--At Portsmouth--Ames and Smith hung in effigy--Vogue of Smith’s speech in London--Hammond an English Genêt--British Orders in Council--Seizure of American vessels--Retaliatory measures--Hamiltonians plead for calmness--A mercenary patriot--English Minister insulted--Jeffersonian press fans the flames--French outrage in Charleston--Clamor for war--Hamiltonians plead for negotiations--Prefer Hamilton to negotiate--His intimacy with British Minister and Agent--‘No. 7’--Protests against Hamilton--A Federalist caucus--Hamilton selected--Veer to Jay--His personality and character--His fatal admission--Fight against his confirmation--Popular protests--Hamiltonian caucus prepares Jay’s instructions--He sails--The ‘Whiskey Boys’--Their grievances--Insurrection--Political phase--Hamilton welcomes military measures--Demanding a law’s repeal is urging its violation--Attacks on Democratic Societies--Their position--That of the Jeffersonian press--Hamilton goes to war--‘Why Hamilton?’--‘Where is Knox?’--Hamilton plans a political effect--Cruelty to prisoners--The chariot wheels of the conqueror--East versus the frontier--Elections of 1794--Ames’s close call--Livingston’s triumph--Gives Ames the ‘hypo’--In North Carolina--Fitzsimons defeated--Jefferson’s summer--Dr. Priestley arrives--Cobbett’s attack--Life in Philadelphia--Theater mobs--Washington attacks Democratic Societies--Madison meets and defeats approval in House--The bitter debate--The press battle--Foreshadowings of Alien and Sedition Laws.

XII. THE MARCHING MOBS 266

Hamilton resigns--Fenno’s tribute--Bache’s comment--Madison’s--Hamilton given dinner in Philadelphia--In New York--Greenleaf on the banquet--Jay’s negotiations--Hamilton’s indiscretion--Jay’s treaty--Hamilton’s disgust--Jefferson’s--Why Hamilton would not reject--His reservations--Senate debates in secret--Withholds treaty from publication--Hamilton doubts wisdom--Senator Mason--He gives treaty to press--Bache’s comments on the secrecy--Mob at Goldbury’s wharf--Philadelphia mob on the 4th--Jay burned in effigy--Dinner on Frankfort Creek--Protest meeting in State House yard--‘Kick it to hell’--Rival dinners in New York--Letter to ‘Sir John Jay’--Boston mobs--Charleston mob--Rutledge denounces treaty--Mass meeting at Richmond--Portsmouth mass meeting--Dinner to Langdon--In Vermont--In Connecticut--In Rhode Island--In Delaware--Jay burned in effigy in Georgia--Street brawls--Tavern quarrels--Washington’s hesitation--Cabot anxious--Ellsworth disgusted--Randolph scandal--Washington signs treaty--Appeals to Washington to make public plea--Bache attacks him--Hamilton writes ‘Camillus’--Trouble with editor--British outrages continue--Jeffersonians use them--Jefferson asks Madison to reply to Hamilton.

XIII. THE DRAMA OF ‘96 289

Senate rejects Rutledge--Jefferson’s comment--Edward Livingston--Portrait of Albert Gallatin--The Livingston Resolution--A constitutional question--The debate--Cobbett’s offensive action--Gallatin’s speech--Sedgwick’s sneer at the people--Resolutions adopted--Hamilton’s concern--His advice to Washington--Fight on appropriations for treaty--Disunion threats--Jefferson and Madison on Washington’s action--‘Still in leading-strings’--Organizing outside sentiment during debate--Insurance companies enter politics--Banks also--Boston mass meeting--Otis’s sneer at Gallatin--Abuse of Gallatin--Intimidation--Federalist alarm--Portrait of Fisher Ames--His physical collapse--The invalid’s slow journey to the capital--Warrior borne on a stretcher--His sensational speech--Hamiltonians’ delight--‘In the hands of Pitt’--The vote--The effect--Jefferson during treaty fight--His health--The Mazzei letter--Presidential election--Patrick Henry sounded by Hamiltonians--They choose Pinckney--Thomas Pinckney--Adams versus Jefferson--Scurrility--Adet’s letter--Hamilton’s scheme against Adams--His dislike of Adams--Adams or secession--The results--Hamiltonian distrust of Jefferson as Vice-President--Jefferson cultivates Adams--The undelivered letter--Jeffersonian press complimentary to Adams--Federalist displeasure.

XIV. AN INCONGRUOUS PORTRAIT GALLERY 315

A treacherous Cabinet--Portrait of John Adams--Of Timothy Pickering--Of Oliver Wolcott--Of James McHenry.

XV. COMEDY AND HEROICS 339

The crisis with France--Portrait of Gouverneur Morris--Compared with Monroe--Monroe’s difficulties in Paris--Federalist intrigue against him--Ignored by Pickering--Deceived by Jay--French indignation over Jay’s treaty--Monroe’s recall--Pinckney refused--Hamilton proposes a mission--Suggests Madison as one--War party’s opposition--Hamilton prevails--Adams’s objections to Jefferson for the mission--He confers with Jefferson--Latter discourages sending Madison--Ames proposes Cabot--Adams names Gerry--Thinks Hamilton ‘in a delirium’--Adams’s Message--Harrison Gray Otis--Robert Goodloe Harper--Debate on Reply to the Message--Livingston attacks English party--Harper’s war speech--It is popular in London--British Minister conspicuous on floor--Taps Harper on shoulder--Dayton’s compromise--War party attacks him--Lyon shocks the formalists--Is attacked--His hot reply--‘Porcupine’ assails him--Mass attack on Jefferson--His silence--Luther Martin attacks him--Is insulted at Harvard--‘Porcupine’s’ abuse--Jefferson drops society--English party jeers memory of Franklin--Hisses Paine--First toast to Women’s Rights--Abuse of Swanwick--Of Mrs. M’Lean--Of Giles--Press comments on Hamilton’s Reynolds pamphlet--Brilliant social season for Federalists--Scene at Adams’s dinner table--Porcupine’s Gazette--William Cobbett--Rival banquets--Discourtesy to Monroe--Dinner in his honor--He confers with party leaders--Gallatin’s conclusions--Lyon-Griswold fight--Press comments.

XVI. HYSTERICS 362

Hamiltonians bent on war--Hamilton runs the government--Bitterness of debates--Harper’s wild war speech--Petitions against arming ships--Adams’s ‘insane message’--Hamilton in the wings--Sprigg Resolution--Harper’s blunder--X Y Z papers--Partisan abuse--Jefferson disheartened--War clouds lower--Jefferson’s view of X Y Z--Madison’s--Monroe’s--War hysteria--Adams greets young warriors of capital--A drunken mob--Attack on Bache’s house--Adams alarmed--The ‘terror’ of Fast Day--‘Hail Columbia’--Resented by Jeffersonians--Author rewarded--War hawks beat tom-toms--Hamilton urges Washington to stir the country--Ames demands war at once--Return of Marshall--His ovation--Partisan purpose--Capitalization of Pinckney’s return--Hamilton writes philippics against France--Jefferson asks Madison to reply--‘Porcupine’s’ war propaganda--War party keeps presses busy with Harper’s speech--Other war pamphlets--Clergy joins war hawks--‘Why so much anger in the heart of a divine?’--Terrorizing Jeffersonians--Jefferson ready--Bache assaulted--Hamilton goes gasconading--His amazing letter--Democrats fight for time--Jefferson insulted--Ostracized--Spied upon--Mail opened--Abusive toasts--Persecution of Lyon--Of Livingston--Of a Boston editor--The Alien Law--Hatred of the Irish--Political reason--Jeffersonians and English Whigs versus Hamiltonians and Pitt--Hamiltonians and Irish Rebellion--King’s part--Otis’s ‘wild Irish’ speech--Sedition laws proposed--Hamilton shocked at original bill--Mobbing Democrats in debate--Livingston’s speech on Alien Bill--Wild talk in Sedition Bill debate--Yellow fever again--Dr. Rush--Death of Fenno--Of Bache--Elections of ‘98--Washington an active and extreme partisan--Marshall’s campaign--Opposes Alien and Sedition Laws--‘Porcupine’s’ comment--Reign of Terror begins--College degrees for Federalists--‘Patriot’ mobs--Jeffersonians discharged from jobs--A Bishop’s sermon.