XVII. THE REIGN OF TERROR 386

Arrest of Matthew Lyon--A ludicrous trial--Cruel treatment--Loathsome cell--Protest of Green Mountain Boys--Lyon in jail elected to Congress--Plans to rearrest him--His fine subscribed--Dramatic scene on release--Ovations en route to Congress--Persecution of the Reverend J. C. Ogden--Imprisoned--Assaulted by soldiers--Arrest of Anthony Haswell--His offense--Brutal treatment--Trial--Ovation on release--Case of David Brown--The comedy case of Richard Fairbanks--Ames’s plea--Persecution of Adams of the Chronicle--Resentment of public--Trial--Dana’s bitter charge--Adams in jail--Visited by Sam Adams--William Duane--The Saint Mary’s Church ‘riot’--Arrest--Trial--Dallas excoriation--Acquittal--Rearrest--Case of Thomas Cooper--Chase on the bench--His conduct--Cooper imprisoned--Refuses pardon--Dinner on release--The Callender case--Chase’s boast--His conduct--Lawyers refuse to proceed--Case of Judge Peck--Public sentiment aroused--Political effect--Case of Charles Holt--The list of victims--Use of Alien Law--Case of John D. Burk--Of Moreau de Saint Merys--Toasting Alien and Sedition Laws--Harper’s jeer--Mass meetings demanding repeal--Congressional speakers for repeal mobbed--A conference at Monticello--Portrait of John Breckenridge--Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions--As viewed at the time--Answers of Legislatures--Fight in Massachusetts--By Senator John Bacon--And Aaron Hill--Abuse of Bacon--Stoning of Hill’s house--Porcupine preaches right of secession.

XVIII. ADAMS PULLS DOWN THE PILLARS 412

‘Hamilton’s war’--Hamilton for commander--Adams’s veto--Cabinet conspired for Hamilton against Adams--McHenry’s trip to Mount Vernon--The trick turned--Adams’s revolt--Hamilton’s activities--Wolcott’s--The Essex Junto’s--Working on Washington--His letter to Adams--Latter’s retort--Exclusion of Jeffersonians from commissions--Washington in accord--Hamilton’s charge--Adams overruled on Burr--And Muhlenberg--Moderate Federalists protest extremes--Jeffersonian sarcasm--Hamilton organizes for war--His difficulties--Scolds McHenry--Decline of war spirit--Jefferson fears insurrection over taxes--eight per cent interest--‘Damned army will ruin the country’--Jeffersonians capitalize eight per cent--Fries Rebellion--Hamilton in Philadelphia--Soldier outrages--On Jacob Schneider--On Duane--‘Porcupine’s’ delight--Militarism rampant--Recruiting lags--Clergy to the rescue--Attempt to revive war fever--Army for domestic purposes--Desertions--Discussions on executions--Logan goes to Paris--Federalist alarm--War unnecessary--Why Otis knew it--Cries of ‘treason’--Logan learns French wish peace--Snubbed by Pickering--By Washington--The Logan Law--Jeffersonians fight--Harper exposed--Case of Gerry--The Miranda conspiracy--Hamilton’s part--His plan to wipe out the States--Adams consults Cabinet on negotiations--Is ignored--Conspirators frame Message--Adams’s amendment--Hamiltonians caucus to force declaration of war--Defeated--Pickering sulks--Adams nominates an envoy--Enemies caucus--Committee calls--Porcupine attacks--Retreats--Compromise on mission--Some Hamiltonian letters--An Adams dinner--Procrastination--Working on Adams--Cabot calls--Adams’s summer--Adams at Trenton--Talks with Hamilton--With Ellsworth--A Cabinet meeting--Envoys sail--Rage of Hamiltonians--Dreary winter in Philadelphia--Marie Bingham’s escapade.

XIX. ‘THE GRAPES OF WRATH’ 440

Enter John Marshall--The Ross Bill--Withheld from public--Duane gets and prints it--Protests--Marshall’s disaffection--Working on Marshall--He wrecks the bill in the House--What Jefferson had done--His platform--Jeffersonian leaders in South Carolina--‘Rye House Plot’--Jefferson at home--New York election--Aaron Burr--Compared with Hamilton--Hamilton takes charge--His plan--His caucus and ticket--Burr’s system of espionage--His personal machine--Tammany--Caucuses at his home--Plans Assembly ticket of national figures--Labors with Gates, Clinton, and Livingston--Wins consent--Shock to Hamilton--Attacks on Clinton and Gates--Merchants mobilized--Burr organizes--His brilliant work--Campaigning with the lowly--The election--Hamilton’s proposal to Jay--Burr for Vice-President--Federalist losses in New England--Caucus agrees on Adams and C. C. Pinckney--Adams’s rage over New York--Scene with McHenry--Pickering dismissed--Hamilton’s letter to Pickering--His excitement--Reactions of Hamiltonians--They plan defeat of Adams--Adams toasts ‘proscribed patriots’--An anti-Adams session of the Cincinnati--Hamilton’s New England tour--His political purpose--Sees Governor Gilman in New Hampshire--Meets rebuff in Rhode Island--A meeting of the Essex Junto--At Salem--At Ipswich--At Newburyport--Hamilton’s unfortunate statement--Jeffersonian ridicule--Hamilton grasps the situation.

XX. HAMILTON’S RAMPAGE 464

Hamilton plans coercion of Federalist electors--Letter to Carroll--Enemies in Adams’s camp--Wolcott’s treachery--Cabot doubtful--Noah Webster deserts Hamilton for Adams--Attitude of press--Jeffersonians attack Hamilton--Their campaign--The Dayton scandal--‘Adams a monarchist’--Langdon’s signed statement--Corroboration from New Haven--Webster’s slur at the poor--Fenno’s fatal pamphlet--Secession talk of Federalists--Wolcott’s father--Letters of ‘Pelham’--Those of ‘Burleigh’--Reply of ‘Rodolphus’--Jeffersonian progress in New England--In Connecticut--Abraham Bishop--His Phi Beta Kappa oration--Political preachers--The Reverend Cotton Smith’s slander--Jefferson’s comment--The Reverend Dr. Abercrombie--Duane attacks--Dr. Lynn electioneers for Pinckney--Rebuked by Jeffersonian woman--Persecution of Jeffersonian clergymen--Pamphlets on Jefferson’s religion--Ridicule of Federalists’ religious pose--‘Diary’ of Fayton--Federalists seek Catholic votes--Hamilton plans personal attack on Adams--Seeks aid of Adams’s Cabinet--Writes pamphlet--Burr gets and publishes--Editor of New York Gazette explains--Hamilton’s case against Adams--Cabot’s criticism--Major Russell’s floundering--Jeffersonian press attacks Hamilton--Pamphlet replies--Hamilton eager to answer--Friends dissuade--Election tricks--In Pennsylvania.

XXI. DEMOCRACY TRIUMPHANT 486

Washington City--Morris’s cynical description--Mrs. Adams’s--The physical town--Lodgings--Social life--Jefferson calls on Adams--His lodgings at Conrad’s--Others at Conrad’s--Federalist conspiracy to elect Burr--Hamilton’s indignation--His attempt to dissuade his party--A drama in letters--Morris and Jay join Hamilton--Others desert--Harper calls on Morris--Plan to prevent an election--Burr’s aloofness--He hears from Harper--Burr’s letter to General Smith--Hamilton wins McHenry--Pickering’s preference for Burr--Bayard’s embarrassment--Sedgwick for Burr--Federalist caucus agrees on Burr--Hamilton makes serious charge--His depression--The serenity at Conrad’s--Jefferson’s non-political letters--Visitors pack the town--Federalist press in the contest--Gallatin surveys the field--Jefferson’s secret plan--He writes Burr--Writes scientific friends on bones--Hamilton’s final shot at Wolcott dinner--A Washington snowstorm--Nicholson carried in bed to Capitol--Scenes during all-night voting--The drama of the struggle--Jefferson during the voting--Approached by Morris--Conspirators surrender--Adams notified--Jefferson takes leave of Senate--Morris’s resolutions of thanks--The die-hards protest--Inaugural crowds--Creating new judges--Adams rewards Wolcott--Adams’s flight--Sedgwick’s--Breakfast at Conrad’s--Jefferson sworn in by Marshall--‘All Federalists, all Republicans’--Mrs. Smith pours tea--Epilogue.

BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, NEWSPAPERS, AND MAGAZINES CITED OR CONSULTED 513

INDEX 519

ILLUSTRATIONS

THOMAS JEFFERSON Frontispiece

From a copy of the Thomas Sully portrait, painted by Nancy Clifton M. Randolph, wife of Thomas Jefferson Randolph IV, a lineal descendant of Jefferson

ALEXANDER HAMILTON 22

From an engraving by E. Prud’homme after a miniature by Archibald Robertson

MRS. WILLIAM BINGHAM 128

From an engraving in Rufus Wilmot Griswold’s Republican Court after the painting by Gilbert Stuart

FOUR HAMILTONIANS 140

FISHER AMES From a portrait by Gilbert Stuart

ROBERT GOODLOE HARPER From a painting

GEORGE CABOT From a woodcut after a pastel of Cabot at the age of sixteen, the only known portrait

GOUVERNEUR MORRIS From an engraving after a portrait by Thomas Sully

FOUR JEFFERSONIANS 148

ALBERT GALLATIN From a portrait by Gilbert Stuart

EDWARD LIVINGSTON From an engraving by E. Wellmore after a drawing by J. B. Longacre